Articles

2 November 2012

BREAST CANCER: AN OVERVIEW

About Authors:
Amardeep Sharma
Rathi Orthopaedic & research centre,
Ahmedabad, India
amardeep.sharma54@gmail.com
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ABSTRACT:-
The knowledge of breast cancer development and progression has grown in recent years and relatively development of novel therapeutic strategies, but for cancer mortalities in women breast cancer stands at 2^nd position as cause.
In U.S. Approximately 39970 women & 450 men in the U.S. will be diagnosed from the disease in 2011.^[1] Breast cancer is a hormone dependent disease.^[3] Breast cancer occurs when breast epithelial cells grows in abnormal way. HER2/neu, ER, PR, BRCA1, BRCA2 are the well known influencing factors responsible for breast cancer initiation. The major issues that limit the currently available breast cancer treatment are high cost, poor availability and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. To overcome this problem researchers are working on several novel approaches i.e. “Novel drug targets & Novel target therapies”.
Since from past few years, mammogram is playing a huge role for decreasing incidence rate in developed countries. Breast cancer is adversely affecting the “quality of life” of patients and its impact has been increasing on the Social capital, population structure and economic growth. Need for novel anti breast cancer agent and novel early diagnosis technique is necessary to combat one of the most serious crises facing Human development.
22 October 2012

SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF POORLY WATER SOLUBLE DRUG CELECOXIB

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About Authors:
Mr. Pranab Prakash Panigrahi^1*, Mr. Ajit Kumar Acharya²
¹B.Pharm, ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND HEALTH SCIENCES, BERHAMPUR
²Asst.Professor, ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND HEALTH SCIENCES, BERHAMPUR
*pranab.panigrahi@rediffmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Poorly water-soluble drugs often require high doses in order to reach therapeutic plasma concentrations after oral administration. Improvement in the extent and rate of dissolution is highly desirable for such compounds, as this can lead to an increased and more re-producible oral bioavailability and subsequently to clinically relevant dose reduction and more reliable therapy. More than 40% of newly discovered drugs have little or no water solubility presents a serious challenge to the successful development and commercialization of new drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Now a days, pharmaceutical technology provides many approaches to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs. Physical modifications often aim to increase the surface area, solubility and/or wet ability of the powder particles and are therefore focused on particle size reduction or generation of amorphous states [Hancock, 1997 & Grau, 2000]. Several methods have been employed to improve the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs. A solid dispersion technique has been used by various researchers who have reported encouraging results with different drugs. The first drug whose rate and extent of absorption was significantly enhanced using the solid dispersion technique was sulfathiazole by Sekiguchi and Obi (Sekiguchi, 1961)¹.
12 October 2012

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE GUAR GUM MATRIX TABLETS OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE

About Authors:
Shaik .Shabbeer*, V.Sruthi, P.Usha, K.Mahesh
Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Swami Ramananda Tirtha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India-508001
*shkshabbeer@yahoo.com
2 October 2012

A Detailed Review on Novel Mucoadhesive System

About Authors:
Singh Deep Hussan*, Roychowdhury Santanu
Sri Sai college of pharmacy, badhani,
pathankot
*hussannijjar@gmail.com

Abstract:
Mucoadhesion is the prevalent interest in the design of drug delivery systems. Mucoadhesion can be defined as the state in which two materials, at least one of which is biological (mucosa) in nature, are held together for a prolonged time period by means of interfacial forces. This mucoadhesive system offers many advantages as it allows for reduction in daily administrations and daily drug dosage and is suitable for the treatment of irritation, pain, and discomfort associated with gingivitis, sore throats, laryngopharyngitis, cold, and periodontal surgery. Moreover, it adheres well to the gum and is very simple to apply, which means that patient compliance is improved. Mucoadhesive drug delivery system are designed to enable prolonged residence time of the dosage form at the site of application or absorption and facilitate an intimate contact of the dosage form with the underline absorption surface. The present review describes mucoadhesion, mucoadhesive polymers and their classification, stages, mechanism and theories of mucoadhesion and factors affecting them along with its evaluation. However, the research on mucoadhesives, is still in its early stage and further advances need to be made for the successful translation of the concept into practical application in controlled drug delivery.
20 September 2012

CHRONOPHARMACOKINETICS: THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF DRUGS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

About Authors:
N Allamneni*, CH Ajay Babu, AVS Madhulatha, C Anusha, P Sowjanya, BV Komali, M Kalyani, Syed M
*Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Narasaraopeta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Narasaraopeta, Guntur, India.
*yaswanthallamneni@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Chronopharmacokinetics involves the study of temporal changes in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion with respect to time of administration. Drug Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination are influenced by many different physiological functions of the body, which may vary, with time of day. Thus, the pharmacokinetic parameters characterizing these different steps, conventionally considered to be constant in time, depend on the moment of drug administration. Chronokinetic studies have been reported for many drugs in an attempt to explain chronopharmacodynamic phenomena and demonstrate that the time of administration is a possible factor of variation in the kinetics of a drug. However, the time of day has to be regarded as an additional variable influencing the kinetics of a drug since many drugs are affected by time of administration and the activity or rest period of the human or animal.
13 September 2012

EFFECT OF THIODIAZURON ON MULTIPLE SHOOT INDUCTION OF DIPLOID COTTON (G. ARBOREUM CV.PA255)

About Authors:
Nitin Deorao Rewatkar
Department of Biotechnology, Kamla Nehru College,
Sakkardara Square, Nagpur
nitinrewatkar@gmail.com

Abstract
The effect of TDZ on regeneration studies of cotton G.arboreum cv PA255 was performed for in-vitro culture studies, healthy and disease free seeds, after surface sterilization were inoculated on seed germination media. Seeds germination efficiency was observed to be 73.38%. Shoot tips and cotynode explants aseptically isolated from in Vitro germinated seedlings of 7 and 14 days old were inoculated on MS basal salt supplemented with 30 gm/L glucose, 10 mg/L thiamine, 100 mg/L Inositol with four different concentration of TDZ. The proliferation of 7 and 14 days old shoot tip was found to 100% in media combination with 0.08 TDZ and 0.02 TDZ respectively. Cotynode explants of 7 days old was 100% responded in 0.02 TDZ and 0.08 TDZ, 14 days old cotynode shows highest 85% explants responded in 0.02 TDZ media combination but multiple shoots observed higher in 0.05 TDZ medium.TDZ induces callus formation and inhibit root formation, TDZ shows good responsein very small concentration otherwise increase concentration more than 1 mg/l it shows toxic effect on explants and completely dried. Browning and subsequent death of the cultured explants are major problems in TDZ supplemented media. Calculate the amount of phenol excreted from shoot tip and cotynode during in vitro regeneration of cotton cv. PA255. In the media combination 0.1mg /L TDZ evaluate highest phenol secreted, shoot tip secrete average 0.014mg and cotynode secrete 0.022mg phenol by per explants.
30 August 2012

A GENERAL OVERVIEW ON: STRESS AND ADAPTOGENS

About Author:
Sachin Kaushik
P.G. Department of Pharmacology,
B.L.D.E.A.’s college of Pharmacy,
Bijapur- 586103, Karnataka,India.
sachin_2004_kaushik@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
In this general overview, we discussed about stress, types of stress, mechanism and its management. According to the report of WHO, approximately 450 million people suffer from mental or behavioral disorders like stress. This amounts to 12.3% of the global burden of disease and predicted to rise up to 15% by 2020. Therefore there is a need of an effective management to control stress and stress induced disorders.
29 August 2012

siRNA TECHNOLOGY:AN EMERGING TREND IN THERAPEUTICS

About Authors:
Vaibhav Patel*, Punit Bhatnagar, Gopal Rai, Alok Pal Jain
Guru Ramdas Khalsa Institute of Science & Technology (Pharmacy),
Jabalpur
*vaibhavpatel281@gmail.com

Introduction
Gene therapy by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) hasbeen emerging as innovative nucleic acid medicines with increasing knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of endogenous RNA interference. Gene silencingis a promising tool for the treatment of numerous human diseases that cannot be cured by rational therapies. The primary success of siRNA applications depends on suitable vectors to deliver therapeutic genes.
7 June 2012

TOPOISOMERASE

About Authors:
B. A. Baviskar¹, S. S. Khadabadi², S. L. Deore^1*, R. P.Marathe¹
¹Government College of Pharmacy, Kathora Naka,
Amravati – 444604, MS, INDIA.
²Government College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad Opp. Govt. Polytechnic, Osmanpura, Aurangabad-431005,
Maharashtra INDIA
*sharudeore_2@yahoo.com

Abstract: Topoisomerase is an enzyme that alters/regulates the super coiling of double-stranded DNA by transiently cutting one or both strands of the DNA and hence important target for anticancer activity. The present review articles is focusing a light on points like What is topoisomerase, its types, mode of action of cancer inhibition, Top-I targeted anticancer drugs, Top-II targeted anticancer drugs and Topoisomerase Cellular resistance.
4 June 2012

A Review on the role of Paclitaxel in Cancer –Mechanism & Enhanced Bioavailability

About Authors:
Raj Mukherjee^*, Koyel Sen, Dr. Ketousetuo Kuotsu^**
* Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University.
** Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Jadavpur University.
* rajmukhrje@gmail.com

Abstract:
“Paclitaxel” is a potent mitotic inhibitor acting as anti-neoplastic agent, obtained as complex diterpins, termed “Taxanes” from the barks of Taxus breufolia (Pacific Yew). The oral bioavailability of the drug varies around 6-7% and has a strong protein binding capacity altering between 89% - 98%. Most of these drugs have a central role in metastatic ovarian and breast carcinoma, along with advanced head and neck cancer, small cell lung cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, hormone refractory prostate cancer, Kaposi’s Sarcoma and also in the prevention of recurrent narrowing of Coronary Stents. Paclitaxel mainly functions by improvising enhanced stabilization of microtubule polymers during cell division and binds specifically to the beta-tubulin subunits, thus antagonizing disassembly of the key cytoskeletal protein, producing abnormal arrays of microtubules throughout the cell cycle. Due to the poor aqueous solubility there is a need for the development of alternative formulations of paclitaxel with improved solubility and at the same time devoid of major toxic effects. Various approaches employed so far include cosolvents, emulsions, micelles, liposomes, microsphere nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, pastes, and implants. All these formulations have been prepared with specific aims to enhance bio-stability and reduce the basic toxic effects of Paclitaxel including low blood count, hair loss, peripheral neuropathy, anthralgias , myalgias, nausea, vommiting, mouth sores and various hypersensitivity reactions . The drug undergoes extensive CYP-mediated hepatic metabolism (majorly CYP2C8 with specific contributions from CYP3A4), and not more than 10% of a unit dose is excreted in the urine intact. We have tried to answer the probable mechanisms of Paclitaxel and how it can be made more bio-available in order to enhance its anti-cancer activities. Our review revealed the active ingredients that are co-administered with paclitaxel did not improve its functions but blocked the pathways that decreased the function of paclitaxel, since P-glycoproteins itself reduces the accumulation of paclitaxel and might use it as a substrate.