Articles

About Authors:
H. S. Sawwalakhe^*, J. M. Maidankar, M. A. Channawar, Dr. A. V. Chandewar
P. W. College of Pharmacy, Yavatmal,
Amravati university
*hemant_11sep@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Occular drug delivery is one of the most interesting and challenging endeavors facing the pharmaceutical scientists, the major problem encountered to pharmaceutical scientist is rapid precorneal elimination of the drug, resulting in poor bioavailability and therapeutic response, because of high tear fluid turnover and dynamics. In situ-forming gels are liquid upon instillation and undergo phase transition in the ocular cul de-sac to form visco-elastic gel and these gels provides a response to environmental changes. In the past few years, an impressive number of novel temperature, pH, and ion induced in situ-forming systems have been reported for sustained ophthalmic drug delivery. Each system has its own advantages and drawbacks. The choice of a particular gel depends on its intrinsic properties and envisaged therapeutic use. This review includes various temperature, pH, and ion induced in situ-forming polymeric systems used to achieve prolonged contact time of drugs with the cornea and increase their bioavailability Now a days in situ gel have been used as vehicles for the delivery of drugs for both local treatment and systemic effects. Different administration routes other than ocular have been explored, and these cutaneous and subcutaneous delivery, dental, buccal delivery and delivery to the esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum and vagina.

About Authors:
Marvinkumar I. Patel*, Jyoti P. Patel, Ravi P. Patel, Hitesh P. Patel
Nootan Pharmacy College,
Visnagar, Gujarat
*patel.marvin62@gmail.com

Abstract:
Allicin is a novel molecule obtain from garlic. It is a molecule which is biologically active and give a good activity again so many disease in the treatment. It has mainly the virtu of killing the microorganisms which can not be killed by the regular antibiotics. It is not widely used in the pharmafield till today but widely used as food supplement but it has a wide scope to use as a novel tool to treat gastric cancer and microbial infection.

About Authors:
^*Kaumudi Singh, Shrishti Saroha
IIMT, Uttar Pradesh, India
*kaumudisingh.info@gmail.com

Abstract
In this research work we actually try to determine elastic modulous and hardness of a fiberglass of a car .this is done by AFM-like scan and in this thermoplastic has shown elastic modulous 7.40 and hardness 0.43 and fiberglass shows 76.69 and hardness 7.90. In this article we concluded that fibre glass is more beneficial than thermoplastic,hence fiberglass are good for tranportation  of pharmaceuticles as I concluded.also as fibreglass is made up of glass it is inert with active ingredients also.

About Authors:
Bishal Khatiwada^1,2, Binita Dhakal^1,2, Surya Prasad Sharma^1,2, Uddhav Timilsina¹
1. Department of Biotechnology,
College for Professional Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
2. Department of Biotechnology,
Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
*suryapdsharma@gmail.com

Reference Id: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1310

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which person is characterized by the high blood sugar either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not use the insulin that is produced.^[1] The classical symptoms of diabetes are polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).^[2] Almost one in 10 of the world population already has this condition, or can be expected to develop it during their lifetime, with prevalence rates forecast to double within the next 15 years.^[3] According to WHO(2000A.D.), at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population.^[4]

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About Authors:
Richa Thakur^*, Gaurav Swami, M.S. Rathore, A.K. Sharma
CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Jalandhar, Punjab, India
*thakur.richa89@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of the eye render this organ exquisitely impervious to foreign substances. The main challenge to the formulator is to circumvent the protective barriers of the eye without causing permanent tissue damage. The newly developed particulate and vesicular systems like liposomes, pharmacosomes and discosomes are useful in delivering the drug for a longer extent and helpful in reaching the systemic circulation. The most recent advancements of the ocular delivery systems provide the delivery of the genes and proteins to the internal structures which were once inaccessible and thus are of great importance in treating the diseases which are caused due to genetic mutation, failure in normal homeostasis, malignancy but also maintaining the physiological function of eye. The review focuses on the developments achieved in this mode of delivery of the drugs along with the pros and cons associated with greater focus on the advanced delivery systems.

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Renu Singh^*, Saumya Das, Sanjita Das
Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, NIET,
Greater Noida, U.P., 201306.
*renusingh2910@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Cognitive deficits have long been recognized as severe and consistent neurological disorders associated with numerous psychiatric and neurodegenerative states such as Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia is one of the age-related mental problems, and a characteristic symptom of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegerative disorder which affects older individuals and may progress to a totally vegetative state. Atrophy of cortical and sub-cortical areas is associated with deposition of β-amyloid protein in the form of senile plaques and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. There is marked cholinergic deficiency in the brain, though other neurotransmitter systems are also affected. Various measures to augement cholinergic transmitter in the brain have been tried. The relatively cerebroselective anti-ChEs have been approved for clinical use. Nootropic agents are clinically used in situations where there is organic disorder in learning abilities and for improving memory, mood and behavior, but the resulting side-effects associated with these agents have made their utility limited. Many experimental models are currently available for the evaluation of agents that affect learning and memory processes. In-vitro methods inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity is measured by determining IC50 with the help of Log probit analysis. In ex-vivo cholinesterase inhibition method the dose response relationship determined for drugs such as physostigmine and tacrine Agents which are H3 receptor agonist are evaluated for [3H] Ach release activity in rat using rat brain slices. The binding affinity of potential nicotinic cholinergic agonist in brain using agonist ligand is determined by [3H]-N- methyl carbamylcholine binding nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rat frontal cortex. In In-vivo methods the inhibitory passive avoidance the test are carried on animals to test the learning and memory capacity of animal by suppressing a particular behavior. It includes step down, step through, two compartment test, up-hill avoidance, scopolamine induced test, and ischemia induced amnesia, memory impairments in basal forebrain. In active avoidance conditioned stimulus is given to the animal, which gives noxious stimulus as a result. It includes runway avoidance, shuttle box avoidance, jumping avoidance. In discrimination learning animals have no choice between the conditioned stimuli. Studies on aged monkeys provides additional advantage for neurobehavioral animal model of aging in that many of behavioral processes thought to be affected by aging.

About Authors:
Megha Sharma,
M.Pharma (quality assurance)
Shoolini university of life sciences,
Bhajol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh.
*meghu35@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Traditional medicine, especially ayurveda, is gaining tremendous popularity in modern times due to several reasons. Though, there is still a lack of scientific tests to evaluate the quality, quantity, potency, safety and efficacy of ayurvedic formulations. Need of the hour is to develop simple routine analysis methods to eliminate the problems faced by both practitioners and patients due to sub standard medicines.^[4]

About Author:
Hiren Sakhiya,
M.Sc in Clinical Research Management,
Prist University, Thanjavur,
India
*sakhiyahiren@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Diabetes a chronic (lifelong) disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood. Diabetes is a common disease in older age, affecting about one in five individuals. In 2000, according to the World Health Organization, at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is estimated that by 2030, this number will almost double. Diabetes is also associated with mortality and significant morbidity, including neurological disability. Diabetes affects both peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. Neuropathy along with retinopathy and nephropathy appears in late stage of diabetes but effect on cognition starts in early stage of diabetes. Although the effects of diabetes on the peripheral nervous system are well established, the effects of diabetes on the central nervous system have been less clear. Several studies have found that diabetes is related to dementia and cognitive function. It is unclear in which stage of diabetes the cognitive decrements become manifest and how they progress over time. Study is conducted to confirm the association of cognitive function with diabetes.

About Authors:
Shashi Kant^*,  Dr. Bharat Prashar
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Manav Bharti University,
Solan (H.P)
*shashi_ranaute@yahoo.in

ABSTRACT:
In this review article, we discussed abouteffluent testing and treatment in pharmaceutical industry,Biological treatment of wastewater is frequently the most beneficial method for selecting various toxic compounds from the environment. Most of the organic compounds in industrial wastewaters are of natural origin and can be degraded by common bacteria in aerobic or anaerobic processes. The composition of these wastewaters is very variable. A great variety of organic chemicals can be determined among the principal components of these types of wastewaters. Antibiotics are the major group of pharmaceuticals. Among all the other pharmaceutical drugs and substances, antibiotics are important compounds due to its serious irreversible increase the release to the environment^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

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