Pharmacology Articles

14 January 2013

BRUGADA SYNDROME: ETIOLOGY AND GENETICS, INCIDENCE, PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

About Author:
Kambham Venkateswarlu
Graduate Student
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha College of Pharmacy,
Palluru, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh-517132, India.
k.v.reddy9441701016@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
This is an inherited arrhythmia that causes the bottom chambers of the heart (the ventricles) to beat so fast that they can prevent the blood from circulating efficiently in the body. When this situation occurs (called ventricular fibrillation), the individual will faint and may die in a few minutes if the heart is not reset. While this is a disease that usually affects people in their 30's, it has actually been described at all ages. So it is important to screen everybody in a family. Not everybody who has the disease will have arrhythmias. However, we cannot know yet who will be OK and who will have problems. If you have had fainting spells related to Brugada syndrome, our experience indicates that you are at very high risk of having them again.
30 December 2012

CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF CITRULLINE-A NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID PRESENT IN WATERMELON: AN OVERVIEW

About Authors:
Gaurav Singh^*1, Prof. Satyanand Tyagi², Patel Chirag J³, Patel Pinkesh³, Tarun Parashar¹, Soniya¹
¹*Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India-248007.
²President & Founder, Tyagi Pharmacy Association (TPA) & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
³Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
*gaurav.hipr@gmail.com, +91-8057832184/9236167104

ABSTRACT:
Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid, meaning that the body can manufacture it from other nutrients. Within the body, citrulline is converted to the amino acid L-arginine i.e. citrulline acts as a precursor of amino acid arginine. Some of the proposed uses of citrulline supplements are based on raising levels of arginine. Citrulline also plays a role in a physiological process called “the urea cycle,” in which toxic ammonia is converted to urea. Citrulline boosts our energy levels by lowering blood lactate concentration. It also enhances the process of elimination of ammonia. Although citrulline is not coded for by DNA directly, several proteins are known to contain citrulline as a result of a posttranslational modification.

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14 December 2012

PPARG AGONIST: ROLE OF DIABETES IN TYPE- 2

About Author:
swati khandelwal
Maharishi arvind college of pharmacy,
rajasthan university of health science, jaipur
imswatikhandelwal@gmail.com

1. DIABETES
1.1 INTRODUCTION-
Diabetes is a condition in which the body does not produce enough, or properly respond to, insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas. Insulin enables cells to absorb glucose in order to turn it into energy. In diabetes, the body either does not respond properly to its own insulin or does not make enough insulin, or both. This causes glucose to accumulate in the blood, often leading to various complications.
The term diabetes, without qualification, usually refers to diabetes mellitus, which is associated with excessive sweet urine (known as “glycosuria”) but there are several rarer conditions also named diabetes. The most common of these is diabetes insipid us in which the urine is not sweet (insipid us meaning “without taste” in Latin); it can be caused either by kidney or pituitary gland.

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6 December 2012

CLINICAL INDICATIONS OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS (HSP): A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW

About Authors:
Tarun Parashar^1*, Soniya¹, Satyanand Tyagi², Patel Chirag J³, Rishikesh Gupta⁴, Ram Narayan Prajapati⁴
¹*Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India-248002.
²President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
³Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
⁴Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India-284128.
*parashar89tarun@gmail.com, +91-7838447014/08006939831

ABSTRACT:
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a group of proteins the expression of which is increased when the cells are exposed to elevated temperatures. HSP are present in cells under normal conditions, but are expressed at high levels when exposed to sudden temperature jump or other stress. HSP stabilize proteins and are involved in the folding of denatured proteins. High temperatures and other stresses, such as altered pH and oxygen deprivation, make it more difficult for proteins to form their proper structures and cause some already structures protein to unfold. Left uncorrected, mis-folded proteins form aggregates that may eventually kill the cell. HSB are induced rapidly at highly levels to deal with this problem. HSP have wide clinical applications, they are not only useful as Cancervaccine adjuvant as well as anticancer therapeutics, and also they are useful in agricultural field. The aim of present article is to provide in depth knowledge about clinical indications of these proteins so called as “Heat Shock Proteins”.
An attempt is also made to focus on functions, characteristics, types, qualities, clinical significance as well as brief description of Heatshock proteins.
6 December 2012

NATURALLY OCCURRING MYCOTOXINS – AFLATOXIN

About Authors:
Sahu Deepak*
Ass. Professor, Geetanjali Institute of Pharmacy,
Dabok, Udaipur [Rajasthan] – 313022
deepak.sahu.bhl@gmail.com
{ DOWNLOAD AS PDF }

Abstract:
A toxin produced by mold that can damage the liver and may lead to liver cancer. Aflatoxins cause cancer in some animals. The fungi that produce aflatoxin grow on crops such as peanuts (especially) and wheat, corn, beans and rice. Aflatoxin is a problem particularly in undeveloped and developing countries.
Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by two types of mold: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus is common and widespread in nature and is most often found when certain grains are grown under stressful conditions such as drought. The mold occurs in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration and invades all types of organic substrates whenever and wherever the conditions are favorable for its growth. Favorable conditions include high moisture content and high temperature. At least 13 different types of aflatoxin are produced in nature with aflatoxin B1 considered as the most toxic. While the presence of Aspergillus flavus does not always indicate harmful levels of aflatoxin it does mean that the potential for aflatoxin production is present.^1,2,3
5 December 2012

A REVIEW ON ANTIMALARIAL AGENTS

About Authors:
Gunjan Kalyani*¹, Vishal S. Deshmukh¹, Yogesh Vaishnav¹
¹Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy,
Kumhari-490 042, Chhattisgarh
kalyani.gunjan@yahoo.in, rvg_54767@yahoo.co.in*

ABSTRACT
Malaria caused mostly by P. falciparum and P. vivax, remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. The numbers of antimalarial drugs in use are very small. Drug toxicity must be acceptable to patients and should cause less harm than the disease itself. Assessment of hazard and risk varies throughout drug development as more persons are exposed for longer periods of time and more nonclinical information on the hazard is collected and evaluated. Cancer risk for human pharmaceuticals is important because drugs are taken at pharmacologically active doses and often on a chronic basis. Epidemiologic studies on patient populations have limited value because of the long latency period for most cancers and because these studies lack sensitivity. Besides the mutagenicity and genotoxicity testing of antimalarial drugs as a part of pre-clinical trials, there are several literatures confirming the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of marketed antimalarial drugs. Genetic abnormalities may also play a part in the incidence and severity of adverse reactions to drugs. In this paper, a comprehensive review of literature pertaining to the mutagenic and genotoxic properties of some commonly used antimalarial drugs is presented.
4 December 2012

ROLE OF CASHEW NUTS AND OTHER NUTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES: A CLINICAL REVIEW

About Authors:
Satyanand Tyagi*, Patel Chirag J¹, Tarun Parashar², Soniya², Rishikesh Gupta³, Devesh Kaushik⁴
*President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy),
Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
Prof. Satyanand Tyagi is a life time member of various pharmacy professional bodies like IPA, APTI and IPGA. He has published various research papers, review articles and short communications. He is member of Editorial Advisory Board for some reputed Pharmacy Journals. He is appointed as an Author for International Pharmaceutical Writers Association (IPWA). (Appointed as an author for the chapters of book on Pharmaceutical Chemistry). His academic work includes 62 Publications (52 Review Articles, 08 Research Articles and 02 short Communications of Pharmaceutical, Medicinal and Clinical Importance, published in standard and reputed National and International Pharmacy journals; Out of 62 publications, 11 are International Publications). His research topics of interest are neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes mellitus, cancer, rare genetic disorders, psycho-pharmacological agents as well as epilepsy.
¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
²Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India-302020.
³Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India-284128.
⁴Territory Business Manager, Diabetes Division, Abbott Healthcare Private Limited, Okhla, New Delhi, India- 110020.
*sntyagi9 @yahoo.com, +91-9871111375/9582025220

ABSTRACT:
Diabetes is usually a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there are high levels of sugar in the blood. Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia). Cashew nuts have a relatively high fat content, but it's what dieticians consider “good fat.” It's good fat because it has the ideal fat ratio of 1:2:1 for saturated, monosaturated, and polyunsaturated fat.
2 December 2012

A REVIEW ON APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS TO CLINICAL SITUATIONS

About Authors:
V. KRISHNA KISHORE
M.Pharm, 2nd Sem (Pharmaceutics)
Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Berhampur, Odisha.
Krishnakishorev58@gmail.com

1. Abstract:
Pharmacokinetics is currently defined as the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Clinical pharmacokinetics is the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the safe and effective therapeutic management of drugs in an individual patient.
Primary goals of clinical pharmacokinetics include enhancing efficacy and decreasing toxicity of a patient's drug therapy. The development of strong correlations between drug concentrations and their pharmacologic responses has enabled clinicians to apply pharmacokinetic principles to actual patient situations.
A drug's effect is often related to its concentration at the site of action, so it would be useful to monitor this concentration. Receptor sites of drugs are generally inaccessible to our observations or are widely distributed in the body, and therefore direct measurement of drug concentrations at these sites is not practical. For example, the receptor sites for digoxin are believed to be within the myocardium, and we cannot directly sample drug concentration in this tissue. However, we can measure drug concentration in the blood or plasma, urine, saliva, and other easily sampled fluids.
29 November 2012

REVIEW ON THE LEAD OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES (PHASE-I)

About Authors:
Kambham Venkateswarlu*, D.Z.Suhasini
Department of Pharmacology,
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha College of Pharmacy (JNTUA), Pallur,
Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India.
*k.v.reddy9441701016@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Lead optimization techniques are deals that new discovery is to choose the compounds with a known pharmacological action and proceed to modify the molecular structure of the compound systemically to get a drug with desired properties pharmacological action and pharmacokinetics. The compounds of the drugs are choosing for the study is called as lead.

Generally the identification and synthesis of compounds which are structurally related to the lead compound and testing their pharmacological activity. In the process it is possible to find a better drug than the lead compound.

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27 November 2012

EFFECT OF PRUNUS AMYGDALUS (BATSCH) IN DIFFERENT MODELS OF ULCER

About Authors:
Devendra Kumar¹,Pragya Seth²
Department of Pharmaceutical technology,
¹Sri Satya Sai collage of Pharmacy Bhopal,
²Lakshmi Narain College of Pharmacy, Bhopal
*guptadevendra15@gmail.com

Abstract
The present work describes the effect of methanolic extract of Prunus amygdalus (batsch.) on pylorus ligation and Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer models in Wistar rats. The present study provides a strong evidence of antiulcer activity of Prunus amygdalus extract against gastric lesions. The antiulcer activity is recognized by a reduction in acid-secretary parameters like total and free acidity, gastric volume and ulcer score suggesting that acid inhibition accelerates ulcer healing, thereby strengthening of mucosal barrier. In this present study it shows significant protection for Hexosamine in all treated groups in comparison to negative control group. Inthe LPO results it was observed that there was significance level difference in negative control group and all other group that indicates that lipid peroxides enzyme was higher in vehicle treated group. Ulcer score was determined by the counting of spots and severity of damage in stomach part by any moiety such as ethanol. Single drug treatment (200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg of P.A.E.) was effective up to a significant level (P<0.05) in compare to negative control group.Volume of gastric juice indicate the secretions of gastric fluid and it is higher in negative control group and all drug treated group was effective in relation to negative control group in significance level (P <0.05).