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  • ROLE OF CHROMATOGRAPHY IN EVALUATION OF HERBAL DRUGS: A SHORT REVIEW

    About Author:
    Alimuddin Saifi
    N.K.B.R. College of Pharmacy & Research Centre,
    Meerut
    asaifi2005@gmail.com

    Abstract
    Herbal drugs are accepted as important therapeutic agents for the treatment of many diseases. The development of authentic analytical methods which can reliably profile the phytochemical composition, including quantitative analyses of marker/bioactive compounds and other major constituents, is a major challenge to scientists. Pharmacognostical analysis of medicinal herbs remain challenging issues for analytical chemists, as herbs are a complicated system of mixtures. Analytical separation techniques for example high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) etc. among the most popular methods of choice used for quality control of raw material and finished herbal product.

  • MASTER PIECE FOR METABOLIC PATHWAYS : THE ENZYME

    About Authors:
    *C.P. Meher,  S.P.Sethy, B.Pochaiah
    Department of pharmaceutical Bio-Chemistry,
    Maheshwara college of Pharmacy, chitkul (V),
    Isnapur “X” Road,  patancheru, Hyderabad.
    *chaitanyameher84@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT :-
    “Enzyme are the catalyst of the living world ! protein in nature, and in action in specific ,rapid and accurate; huge in size but with small active centers; highly exploited for disease diagnosis in lab centers”[1] Enzyme promotes & control the conversion of the complex carbohydrates, fats & protein of our body into simple substances which the intestine can absorb & also the various reaction by which these simple substances are used in the body for building up new tissue  or producing energy. The enzyme are not broken down or changed in the process . they are as potent at the end of the reaction at the beginning & very small amounts can effect the conversion of large quantity of material . they are the true catalyst.[2] They are actively take part in every metabolic pathways that occur in our body. This review is concern with comparative study of the various enzyme related with various metabolic pathways as well as the drugs associated for inhibition to give respective pharmacological responses.

  • STUDIES ON THE THERAPEUTIC ROLE OF VITAMIN B12 AND FOLIC ACID AGAINST ARSENIC INDUCED HEPATIC DAMAGES AT CELLULAR AND DNA LEVEL BY REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES

    About Authors:
    Tamal maity
    Institute of pharmacy ,(govt.) ,
    Jalpaiguri and west bengal university of health sciences
    Vidyasagar University
    tamalpharma@gmail.com

    Abstract:
    In an attempt to develop new therapeutics, Vitamin B12 & Folic acid was used to screen the effect on arsenic-induced hepatic toxicity in female rat of Wistar strain. Sub chronic exposure to sodium arsenite (0.4 ppm/100 g body weight/day via drinking water for a period of 28 days) significantly increased activities of hepatic. A notable distortion of hepatocellular histoarchitecture was prominent with a concomitant increase in DNA fragmentation following arsenic exposure. A marked elevation of in hepatic tissue was also evident from the hepatic accumulation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Xanthine Oxidase, DNA Fragmentation & Histological views. However, co-administration of Vitamin B12 & folic acid (200 µl/100 g body weight/day for a period of 28 days) was found to significantly prevent the arsenic-induced alteration of hepatic function. Moreover, the degeneration of histoarchitecture of liver found in arsenic-treated rats was protected along with partial but definite prevention against DNA fragmentation induction. Similarly, generation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals were found to be significantly less along with restored activities of antioxidant like Vitamin B12 & Folic acid co-administered group with comparison to arsenic alone treatment group. The present investigation offers strong evidence for the hepato-protective and antioxidative efficiencies of Vitamin B12 & Folic acid against oxidative stress induced by arsenic.

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  • Microencapsulation : a rapidly expanding technology

    About Authors:
    Mortoza Rahaman
    B.Pharm, BCDA College of Pharmacy & Technology (WBUT), WB
    M.Pharm, Dadhichi College of Pharmacy, (BPUT), Orissa
    mortozarahaman970@gmail.com

    Abstract:
    Novel drug delivery systems have several advantages over conventional multi dose therapy. Recent trends indicate that microparticulate drug delivery systems are especially suitable for achieving controlled or delayed release oral formulations with low risk of dose dumping, flexibility of blending to attain different release patterns as well as reproducible and short gastric residence time. The release of drug from microparticles depends on a variety of factors including the carrier used to form the microparticles and the amount of drug contained in them. Consequently, microparticulate drug delivery systems provide tremendous opportunities for designing new controlled and delayed release oral formulations, thus extending the frontier of future pharmaceutical development. One such approach is using microspheres as carriers for drugs. Microencapsulation is a process where by small discrete solid particles or small liquid droplets are surrounded and enclosed by an intact shell. Microencapsulation is used to modify and delayed drug release form pharmaceutical dosage forms. A well designed controlled drug delivery system can overcome some of the problems of conventional therapy and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a particular drug. It is the reliable means to deliver the drug to the target site with specificity, if modified, and to maintain the desired concentration at the site of interest without untoward effects. Microspheres received much attention not only for prolonged release, but also for targeting of anticancer drugs to the tumor. The intent of the paper is to highlight the potential of microencapsulation technique as a vital technique in novel drug delivery.

  • JAPANESE PATENT CLASSIFICATION: AN AUXILIARY TOOL IN PATENT ANALYTICS

    About Authors:
    Arun Kumar
    Department of Intellectual Property Management,
    Nectar Lifesciences Limited, Punjab, India
    feedback2arun@gmail.com

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    Abstract
    With advancements in technology, new inventions are emerging day-by-day, resulting in more number of patent filings all over the globe. The analysis of existing patents to analyze novelty or patentability of upcoming inventions and to check the non-infringing process of the patented technology, there is need to analyze patents of targeted domain technology. The analysis of patents is done not only to analyze novelty or infringement but also to explore the undiscovered innovative knowledge covered in patents. Patent searching using keywords, sometimes, gives very broad results. The analysis of thousands of patents becomes difficult for patent analyst. The methodology used with IPC (International Patent Classification) codes helps to reduce the result of patent search and helps patent analyst in targeted search. But in case of Japanese patent search, IPC alone unable to give targeted results. Then it becomes important to understand the concept of JPC (Japanese Patent Classification) codes and their use to make the Japanese patent search easy. The Japanese Patent Classification includes File Index, Facets and F-term. In this article, Japanese Patent Classification codes are explained in details with their consequences, applications, constructions and search methodology using them.

  • FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CINITAPRIDE TABLETS AS FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

    About Authors:
    S.Dinesh*, M.Senthil Kumar, Ashok kumar, Hariharan, jenish, Marshal joseph
    Annai veilankanni’s pharmacy college
    saidapet, chennai – 600 015.
    Tamil nadu, pin:600015
    *dinesh.pharmacy@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT
    Cinitapride1-2, chemically4-amino-N[3-(Cyclohexan-1-yl-methyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2-ethoxy-5-nitrobenzamide has the molecular formula C21H30N4O4 and molecular weight 402.49 g.Cinitapride is a drug that has against action to the serotoninergic 5-HT2 and D2 dopaminergic receptors that has been indicated in the gastro esophageal reflux and in the functional disorders of gastrointestinal motility treatment, The present study was aimed to formulate and evaluvate the tablets containing Cinitapride based on floating  technique in order to increase gastric retention time, Total 9 formulation (F1-F9)were done using 3 different polymers like (HPMC k4m, HPMC e15m and HPMC k100m ). The formulations prepared were subjected to dissolution tests for 12 hrs, Among all the 9 formulation  formulation (F5) were able to efficiently control Cinitapride release over a time period of 12 hrs. Thus the results of the current study clearly indicate, a promising potential of the floating tablet as an alternative to conventional dosage form.

  • FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLOATING TABLETS USING ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE AS A MODEL DRUG

    About Authors:
    Jenish.R*, M.Senthil kumar, Dinesh, Ahokkumar, Marshel, Hariharan
    Annai veilankanni’s college of pharmacy
    Saidapet, Chennai-600015
    Tamilnadu
    *jenishnathan@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT
    Alfuzosin is a non-subtype specific alpha(1)-adrenergic blocking agent that exhibits selectivity for alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors in the lower urinary tract. Inhibition of these adrenoreceptors leads to the relaxation of smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate, resulting in the improvement in urine flow and a reduction in symptoms in benign prostate hyperplasia. Alfuzosin also inhibits the vasoconstrictor effect of circulating and locally released catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), resulting in peripheral vasodilation. The alfuzosin of the present investigation is designed to retain in the stomach and deliver the drug alfuzosin for longer periods of time. The developed floating provides increased absorption of the alfuzosin at a rate such that effective plasma levels can be achieved and maintained for a prolonged duration. Formulations 6 displayed drug release considered in 0.1N HCL and Formulation 6 shows better drug release in dissolution profile.

  • ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF POLYHERBAL EXTRACT ON RODENTS

    About Authors:
    A.Tamil Selvan*, R.Suresh1, D.Benito Johnson2, R.Suresh Kumar3, R.Venkatanarayanan4, L.Sivakumar5
    Department of Pharmacology
    Teegala Ram Reddy College of Pharmacy, Meerpet, Hyderabad – 97
    1-4RVS College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sulur, Coimbatore- 641402
    5SKM Siddha and Ayurvedha Company (India) Limited, Erode - 638104.

    *tamilselvanpharmacologist@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT
    In this study, polyherbal extract of Cycas circinalis, Nardostachys jatamansi and Artemisia absinthium ethanolic fraction was explored for its antidepressant property using Forced swim test (FST) and Tail suspension test (TST). Many of its individual constituents have been used for central nervous system (CNS) activities but no systematic work was carried on this combination. In this study its effect on depression was explored in rats. For this purpose the plants part were extracted by successive solvent extraction by Soxhylation. Ethanolic extract was chosen for the pharmacological evaluation, based upon the phytochemical and instrumental analysis. The ethanolic extract was subjected to FT-IR analysis for finding the possible number and nature of function groups present in it. Also the extract was analysed by HPLC for the number possible phytocompounds/phytoconstituents present, which may directly or indirectly involve in the brain neurochemical activity. Acute and Subacute toxicity study revealed the dose upto 2000mg/kg the extract had not toxic symptoms and no mortality. The therapeutic dose was found to be 200mg/kg and there was no toxic damage to liver and kidney observed in subacute toxicity study. The ethanolic extract of the polyherbal combination exhibited significant (P<0.001) antidepressant activity  as indicated by its ability to decrease swim stress and tail suspension induced immobility time in rats as compared with that standard Fluoxetine. As well as restoring biogenic amines to normal level that was altered by the swim stress and tail suspension test in whole rat brain assay by HPTLC method. The result indicates this polyherbal combination can be a potential candidate for .managing depression. However further studies are required to confirm the exact therapeutic efficacy.

  • DETERMINATION OF PKA OF ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT BY SPECTROMETRY

    About Authors:
    Kalpesh Ashara
    Registered Pharmacist S.K.R.I.Medicines Centre, Rajkot, Gujarat, India,
    M.Pharm Semester-I Student of B.K.Mody Govt.Pharmacy College Rajkot,
    Department of Pharmaceutics GTU, Gujarat, India.
    kalpeshashara@yahoo.com, kalpeshshr5@gmail.com*

    Abstract:
    Spectrophotometry is an attractive method for PKa determination in very diluted aqueous solution about 10-5 to 10-6M provided that the compound possesses PH dependent light absorption due to the presence of a chromospheres in proximity to the ionization centers. Traditionally 6 to 8 aliquot solutions of samples in identical concentrations but with different PH values are prepared & their absorption spectra are registered at single wavelength. This series of solutions can be generated by either preparing the sample in buffer solutions of known PH or titrating the sample solution e.g. alkalimetry. Then half the absorbance of maximum plotted on graph & interpolated on x-axis that will give value of PH is Pka  & negative Antilog of that value at base 10 give value of ka i.e. Dissociation Constant (Pka=-logka). This exercise is carrying out in below assignment.

  • ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY BY LIQUISOLID TECHNIQUE: A REVIEW

    About Authors:
    Patel Chirag J1*, Satyanand Tyagi2, Patel Jaimin1, Chaudhari Bharat1, Tarun Parashar3, Soniya3
    1Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
    2President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India.
    3Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala,
    Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. 
    *Mr. Patel Chirag has published various books, research and review articles. His academic works include 16 Publications (2 books were published in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany & 8 Research Articles and 6 Review Articles were published in standard and reputed National and International Pharmacy Journals).
    chirag.bangalore@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT
    Solving solubility problems is a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry with developments of new pharmaceutical products, since nearly half of the active substances being identified are either insoluble or poorly soluble in water soluble. Various techniques are used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly soluble drugs which include Liquisolid technique, micronization, nanonization, sonocrystallization, supercritical fluid method, spray freezing into liquid and lyophilization, evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution, use of surfactant, use of co-solvent, hydrotropy method, use of salt forms, solvent deposition, solubilizing agents, modification of the crystal habit, co-crystallisation, complexation and drug dispersion in carriers.The “Liquisolid” technique is a novel and capable addition towards such an aims for solubility enhancement and dissolution improvement, thereby it increases the bioavailability.Liquisolid technique is based upon the admixture of drug loaded solutions with appropriate carrier and coating materials. The use of non-volatile solvent causes improved wettability and ensures molecular dispersion of drug in the formulation and leads to enhance solubility. By using hydrophobic carriers (non-volatile solvents) one can sustained the release of drugs by this technique. Liquisolid compacts demonstrated a considerably higher drug dissolution rates than those of conventionally made capsules and directly compressed tablets. This was due to the increased wetting properties and surface of drug available for dissolution. By using this technique, solubility and dissolution rate of water insoluble drugs can be improved. This review paper highlights the advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of enhanced drug release, classification, evaluation and application of liquisolid technique to enhance the solubility and dissolution of water insoluble drugs.

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