Amity University

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ABOUT AUTHORS
Abdul Waheed*, Swati Pathak, Roohi Mirza
Department of Pharmacology,
Amity Institute of Pharmacy,
Amity University, Noida, U.P., India
*abdul.waheed2050@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder characterized by tendency to recurrent seizures or fits. The seizures can leads to loss of consciousness, disturbance of movement, muscle spasms, autonomic and mental functions. Epilepsy is developed because of imbalance in nerve signalling chemical called neurotransmitters. During epilepsy, the level of excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate increases and the level of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA decrease. These lead to abnormal signalling in brain causes epilepsy. Primary diagnosis of epilepsy includes eye–witness and family history. Electroencephalograph (EEG) is the cornerstone for diagnosis of epilepsy and measures the brain wave activity. Neuroimaging like computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) techniques are used to diagnose abnormalities in structure and function of brain. Video recording is also useful for the monitoring of epileptic events. The most common approach of treatment is to prescribe antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Three generations of AEDs including phenytoin, valproate, carbamazapine, lamotrigine, Oxcarbazepine, Primidone,Phenobarbitone,Gabapentin, Topiramate, Levetiracetam, Felbamate, Rufinamide, Zonisamide, Tiagabinand Vigabatrin etc. are prescribed. These AEDs have some teratogenic effects on  pragnent woman and lactating mother; need precautions. Instead of  pharmacological approaches, Non-pharmacological approaches also used for the treatment of epileptic seizures like ketogenic diet, atkins diet, yoga etc. Thr purpose of this review is to update the current knowledge on epilepsy classification, diagnostics, approaches of treatment, pathophysiology, mechanism of epileptogenesis and teratogenic effects.

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Nidha Amir*, Mohd Mazhar, Abhinav Sawhney, S.K Rajput
Department of Pharmacology
Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh-201313, India
nidha.amir05@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Fluorine, the 13th most abundant element of the earth’s crust, represents about 0.3g / kg of earth’s crust. It occurs mainly in the form of chemical compounds such as sodium fluoride or hydrogen fluoride, which are present in minerals fluorospar, fluorapatite, topaz and cryolitect. Fluoride is frequently encountered in minerals and in geochemical deposits and is generally released into subsoil water sources by slow natural degradation of fluorine contained in rocks. Fluoride being a natural element has several effects on health. Fluoride is beneficial to health if the concentration (CF) of the fluoride ion (F-) in drinking water is less than 1.5 mg/L (WHO 1994). A higher concentration causes serious health hazards. The disease caused manifests itself in three forms, namely, dental, skeletal, and non-skeletal fluorosis. On a large scale, it is used in dental product due to its anti- sensitizing property and abrasive action. Application of fluoride must be controlled and restricted to reduce the side effect induced by it.

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Mazhar M¹, Ansari. A², Rajput SK^1*
1Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201313.
²Department of Social Work, University Road, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007.
*skrajput95@amity.edu

ABSTRACT
In lieu of the fact that without adequate supervision, the assurance of quality of any system is not possible; clinical pharmacy has emerged as one of the latest and unmapped discipline of pharmacy in the 21^st century. The existence of clinical pharmacists in medical rounds could support physicians in optimizing pharmacotherapy. This novel profession in India extends its diversions to good manufacturing practices, procurement/preparation/distribution of medication, reporting ADRs/ ADEs and on the whole to a very promising aspect of patient healthcare service. The state of clinical pharmacy in India is in the transformational state showing serious positive promising changes in the past couple of years. Even hospitals have started distinguishing the importance of clinical pharmacy and have taken initiatives for making it possible although at a budding stage. The clinical pharmacy branch of pharmacy is surely attaining new heights in regard to patient care services which have certainly increased the services and satisfaction to the patients.

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Abhinav Sawhney*, Nidha Amir, Mohd Mazhar, Sumeet Gullaiya, Satyendra K Rajput
Department of Pharmacology,
Amity institute of Pharmacy, Amity University,
Noida, Uttar Pradesh
abhinavsawhney@live.com

ABSTRACT:
Obesity has emerged as a major health issues for pediatric population as well as in adults in the present global scenario. In children, numerous studies have reveiled a relationship between the breast feeding and obesity in children. Apart from these, Family economic and education level, child meal pattern, duration of sleep and birth weight are also responsible for obesity. Some genetic problems including environmental and socio-economic factors are also responsible for the child obesity. Several studies have shown an evidence of protective effect of breast feeding against obesity while some shows a time dependent effect of breast feeding on childhood obesity. As per WHO recommendations, a child should be exclusively breast fed upto 6 months and breast fed along with the complementary food of good quality.  Introduction of the complementary food has a relationship bound with adipose rebound, which goes upto the age of 14. The intake of complementary food reduces the intake of breast milk and also induces the allergic reactions in the child. Apart from these leptin level and energy regulation in the body also plays and important role in pediatric obesity.

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Abdul Waheed¹*, Ankit Gupta², Parth Patel^3
1Department of Pharmacology
²Department of Pharmaceutics
³Department of Drug Regulatory Affair
Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida-125, U.P. (INDIA)
abdul.waheed2050@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
In the present scenario, lung cancer is one of the most prevalent and malignant cancer especially among the smoking group of people. The targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the lungs represents a novel therapeutic approach in lung cancer. Lung is an ideal route for administration of anticancer drug as it provides larger alveolar surface area, low thickness of epithelial barrier & extensive vascularization. Nanoparticles with nanocarriers have possibility of cell-targeted drug delivery with minimal systemic side effect and toxicity. Pulmonary epithelial cell, enzymes, receptors and genes are the target of the targeted drug delivery in lung cancer. This paper reviews the till date targeted drug delivery research performed for the treatment of lung cancer.

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About Author:
Mridula Jayaraman,
Amity Institute of Pharmacy,
Amity University, India
mridulajayaraman1990@gmail.com

Abstract
The word ‘cancer’ itself sends chills down our spines as its prognosis and treatment, even if detected at an early stage is cumbersome and tortuous. With the advent of modern medicines, even though it is claimed that cancer is curable, there exists virtually no chemotherapeutic agent for cancer without side effect(s), not to mention the cost of these medicines which are skyrocketing.
Hence, we are left with little choice but to go for new fronts in research on the therapeutic agents present in plants (Phytotherapy), which are not only cost effective but also relatively side effects free.  These plants are available in plenty in the Himalayan and Aravali Region of India.  
University of Wisconsin lists 150 plants which they have established as having potential value in the treatment of cancer.  However, the real issue here is that not many drugs derived from plants have been standardized and standardization of these plants for therapeutic purpose is still in the nascent stage.

About Authors:
Sachin Saxena*¹,Pankaj Sharma¹ ,Nimisha²
1-M Pharm (Pharmaceutics) , Amity Univerity,Lucknow
2-Lecturer,
Amity University,
Lucknow

Abstract:
Rapid developments in the field of molecular biology and gene technology resulted in generation of many macromolecular drugs including peptides, proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids in great number possessing superior  pharmacological efficacy with site specificity and devoid of unwanted and toxic effects. However, the main impediment for the oral delivery of these drugs as potential therapeutic agents is their extensive presystemic metabolism, instability  in acidic environment resulting into inadequate and erratic oral absorption. Parentral route of administration is the only  established route that overcomes all these drawbacks associated  with  these  orally  less/inefficient  drugs  but,  these   formulations  are  costly,  have  least  patient compliance, require repeated administration, in addition to the other hazardous effects associated with this route. Buccal drug delivery leads direct access to the systemic circulation through the internal jugular vein bypasses drugs from the hepatic first pass metabolism leading to high bioavailability. Buccal route is an attractive route of administration for systemic drug delivery. Buccal bioadhesive films, releasing topical drugs in the oral cavity at a slow and predetermined rate, provide distinct advantages over traditional dosage forms for treatment of many diseases.