Uttar Pradesh

About Authors:
Sanjay Kumar Yadav^*1, Anjana Yadav¹, Shahana Majumder^2
*1Dept of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, B.B.S. Institute of Pharmaceutical & Allied Sciences, Greater Noida, (U.P.), India
¹Dept of Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Sahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, (U.P.), India
²Dept of Biotechnology, Sharda University, School of Engineering and Technology,
Greater Noida, (U.P.), India
*sanjay_yadav3333@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT
Viruses are pathogens with an extremely narrow host range. Their phylogenetic origin is vague, tough it has always been considered that viruses are genes that became vagrant after having excluded themselves of the host’s or a related species’ genome (Anderson et.al., 2004). Viruses are usually units consisting of nucleic acids and coat proteins called capsids. Viroids consist only of RNA, i.e. they contain no protein at all. Except for a few cases, Viruses have no energy metabolism of their own. Consequently, they cannot perform syntheses and are thus unable to replicate themselves. Depending on their host species, it is distinguished between plant viruses multiplying almost exclusively within plant cells, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) that depend on living bacteria, and animal viruses. The genetic information of viruses is either encoded by single-stranded RNA (Most plant viruses), double-stranded RNA (Wound tumor viruses), single-stranded DNA (Gemini viruses) or double stranded DNA (Cauliflower mosaic virus). Based on the shape of the viruses particle, it is distinguished between rod shaped and icosahedral viruses with a capsid that seem almost spherical. Viruses’ cause many disease in humans of international importance for example  smallpox polio, hepatitis etc. viruses cause also many important plant disease and are responsible for huge loss in crop production and quality in all part of the world. Around 25 years ago, when genomic properties of geminiviruses were studied, many scientists regarded them as ‘friends of humans’, because of their  potential as gene transfer vectors in plant genetic engineering and non-harmful effects on host plants. But far from being friends, these viruses have now emerged as foes and are a serious threat to world agriculture now. Increase in international commodity trade, intercontinental transportation networks and a changing global climate have contribute to the spread of this virus and its whitefly vector (Moffat et.al.,1999).

Banaras Hindu University ranks among the first few in the country in the field of academic and research output.

About Authors:
Deepak Sharma*, Arunabha Banik, S k Gupta
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
MIET,Meerut
*thakraan.southcarolina@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The Microspongesdelivery system are extremely small, inert,indestructibleclusters of even tinierspherical particles of microscopic sizepatented polymeric delivery systems consisting of porous microspheres that can entrap a wide range of active ingredients such as emollients, fragrances, essential oils, sunscreens, and anti-infective, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory agents and are very well tolerated, and highly efficacious, novel productsthat do not pass through the skin, capable of holding four times their weight in skin secretionsand can absorb skin secretions. Like a true sponge, each microspheres consists of a myriad of interconnecting voids within a non-collapsible structure with a large porous surface. The size of the microsponges can be varied usually from 5-300µm in diameter, depending upon the degree of smoothness or after-feel required for the end formula. Although the microsponge size may vary, a typical 25µm sphere can have up to 250000 pores and an internal pore structure equivalent to 10ft in length providing a total pore volume of about 1ml/g. This results in a large reservoir within each microsponge, which can be loaded with up to its own weight in active agent. The microsponge particles themselves are too large to be absorbed into the skin and this adds a measure of safety to these microsponge materials. Another safety concern is the potential bacterial contamination of the materials entrapped in the microsponge. Because the size of the pore diameter is smaller than bacteria, ranging from 0.007 to 0.2µm, bacteria cannot penetrate into the tunnel structure of the microsponges.The microsponge system can prevent excessive accumulation of ingredients within the epidermis and the dermis. Potentially, the microsponge system can reduce significantly the irritation of effective drugs without reducing their efficacy.

About Authors:
Aadeshkumar*, Nishantkumar gupta, Dineshkumar gupta
Dept. of pharmacy
BIT meerut, UP
*adesh.adi.chaudhary@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
In recent years there has been a rapid increase in nanotechnology in the fields of medicine and more specifically in targeted drug delivery. The proprietary powder processing techniques use by nanotherapeutics improves the delivery of drug that can not normally taken orally.
It improves
·         Safety and efficacy of low molecular weight drugs,
·         Stability and absorption of proteins that normally cannot be taken orally,
·         Extend the life cycle of existing drug formulation.

At present many substances are under investigation for drug delivery and more specifically for cancer therapy, AIDS and potential to cross the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) has open new ways for drug delivery into the brain. Pharmaceutical sciences are also using nanoparticles to reduce toxicity and side effects of drugs. Nanoparticles are also have the potential as novel intravascular or cellular probes for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (drug/gene delivery) and nanosize allow access into cell and cell compartment including nucleus. . Discovery of nanomedicine has given rise to nanoparticles through which better target specific drug and gene delivery is possible. In conclusion nanoparticles for drug delivery and imaging have gradually been developed as new modalities for cancer therapy and diagnosis. This review illustrates the emerging role of nanotechnology in drug delivery.

Banaras Hindu University ranks among the first few in the country in the field of academic and research output.

Banaras Hindu University ranks among the first few in the country in the field of academic and research output.