Articles

About Author:
Rajesh Mujoriya
Sardar patel college of technology,
Balaghat, dis. Balaghat,
MP–481001,INDIA

Abstract
Ischaemic Heart Disease is a condition that affects the supply of blood to the heart. The blood vessels are blocked due to the deposition of cholesterol plaques on their walls. This reduces the supply of oxygen  and  nutrients  to the  heart musculature, which is essential for proper functioning of the heart. This may eventually result in a portion of the heart being suddenly deprived of its blood supply leading to the death of that area of heart tissue, resulting in heart attack.  
 In 1963 the Ministry of Railways carried out a survey with a view to ascertaining the number of deaths due to ischimic heart disease among railway populations in different parts of the country. The method employed was to obtain data from all the railway zones on a proforma based on W.H.O. classification 420, for arteriosclerotic, including coronary heart disease.
The epidemiology studies have provided several key points of information related to the risk of developing IHD. First, several specific risk factors for IHD have been identified. Second, evidence that these factors are closely related to environmental and life-style changes implies that risk factors are potentially alterable. Third, these studies have stimulated further consideration and investigation of the basic mechanism of atherosclerosis. Angiographic studies have indicated a direct relationship between the risk factors and the severity of coronary disease.

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About Authors:
Namdeo K.P. Dr.¹, Bodhake S. H.¹,  Dwedi J. Dr.², S. Shamim Dr.³ , Saifi Alimuddin³*
¹Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur, CG.
²Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Rajasthan.
³Translam Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Meerut.

Abstract
Ficus bengalensisis an indigenous plant belonging to family Moraceae possessing varied medicinal properties like antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiseptic and also tender ends of hanging roots are prescribed to stop vomiting. Standardization is a method of assuring a minimum level of active ingredients in the extract and is becoming increasingly important as a means of ensuring a consistent supply of high quality phytopharmaceutical products. The World health Organization (WHO) emphasized the need to ensure quality control of medicinal plants products by using modern techniques and applying suitable standards. The following protocols for standardization of raw materials have been developedas authentication, foreign matter, macroscopic and microscopic examination, ash valueand extractive value, loss on drying, moisture content, Total flavonoid, total phenolic and total tannin contents determination of heavy metals, microbial contaminationand chromatographic profile(TLC &HPTLC).

About Authors:
Tarun Garg, Ajay Bilandi,
Seth G.L.Bihani S.D.college of technical education,
Sri Ganganagar

ABSTRACT
The aim of this review is to improve the solubilization and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs by using various approaches like physical, chemical and others modifications or techniques. The solubility of a solute is the maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a certain quantity of solvent or quantity of solution at a specified temperature. Solubility is one of the important parameter to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for pharmacological response to be shown. Drug efficacy can be severely limited by poor aqueous solubility and some drugs also show side effects due to their poor solubility. There are many techniques which are used to enhance the aqueous solubility. The ability to increase aqueous solubility can thus be a valuable aid to increasing efficiency and/or reducing side effects for certain drugs. This is true for parenterally, topically and orally administered solutions. Physical modifications techniques like media milling/ nanocrystal technology, cryogenic technology, supercritical fluid process, modification of the crystal habit,complexation, micellar technologies, chemical modifications, other techniques like co-crystallization, cosolvency, hydrotrophy are used for increase the solubility of very soluble drugs like dolargin, loperamide, tubocurarine, doxorubicin, ibuprofen, griseofulvin, diazepam, naproxen, carbamazepine, nifedipine, phytosterol etc.

About Authors:
Ratnadeep V. Ghadage (M. Pharmacy)
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Appasaheb Birnale College of Pharmacy,
South Shivaji Nagar, Sangli-416416,
Maharashtra

ABSTRACT:
Quinoxaline derivatives have emerged as an important class of benzoheterocycles because of their diverse pharmacological and biological properties, which make them privileged structures in combinatorial drug discovery libraries. Also Quinoxaline derivatives constitute useful intermediates in organic synthesis. The pharmaco-logical importance of quinoxalines and their utility as building blocks in organic synthesis have directed considerable research activities toward the synthesis of suitably substituted quinoxaline rings. Extensive researches have generated numerous synthetic approaches for the construction of the skeleton of such heterocycles. Quinoxalines are, in general, comparatively easy to prepare, and numerous derivatives have been designed and prepared for potential use as biologically active materials. Oxidation of both nitrogen of the quinoxaline ring dramatically increases the diversity of certain biological properties.
Quinoxalines, including their fused-ring derivatives, display diverse pharmacological activities.A number of synthetic strategies have been developed for the preparation of substituted quinoxalines. The classical synthesis of quinoxalines involves the condensation of an aromatic 1, 2-diamine with a 1, 2-dicarbonyl compound. The reaction is facile and is the most widely used synthetic method for both quinoxaline itself and its derivatives. Despite remarkable efforts,the development of an effective method for the synthesis of quinoxalines is still an important challenge.

About Author:
Rajesh Mujoriya
Sardar patel college of technology,
Balaghat, dis. Balaghat,
MP–481001,INDIA

Abstract
A neoplasm or tumor is a abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and continues in the same manner after cessation of the stimuli which have initiated it.
A malignant tumor grows rapidly and continuously, and even when it has impoverished its host and source of nutrition, still retains the potentiality for further proliferation. Besides, malignanat tumors invade and destroys neighbouring tissues and possess no effective capsule, a malignant tumors readily ulcerate and tend sooner or later dessiminate and form metastases.

About Authors:
Rajkumar Bolledula*, Priyanka.Mare¹, Sunanda.Mare²
*Department of pharmaceutical analysis, Assistant professor in MITS college of pharmacy, H.No.41-64-s, saibabanagar, Kurnool-518004, A.P, India.
1.Department of pharmaceutics, Assistant professor, Mits college of pharmacy, Block .no.mc2/2, singareni colony, tekulapally,yellandu,khammam-507123,A.P,India
2.Department of pharmacology, J.K.K.Natarajan college of pharmacy, Salem, Tamil Nadu

ABSTRACT
This article describes the quantitative determination of percentage of drug concentration in pure and in formulated pharmaceutical dosage forms by using RP-HPLC. Procedure does not require prior separation of components from the sample.The mobile phase consists of methanol-water (80:20 v/v) for RP-HPLC with injection volume of 20μl.The RP-HPLC method was developed on a C-8 (150x4.6mm) column with detection carried out by variable wavelength detector at 209nm and 220 nm for ramipril, cardace, odopril respectively…Thus the Rt values obtained for different dosage forms are 1.59,1.44,1.34,1.35…..respectively with the concentration of 100% for pure drug and 97.54%,91.03%,65.76%.......respectively.

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About Authors:
Jatin Sharma*, Dharmendra kumar{Sr. Lecturer}, Amarjeet Singh
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shobhit University,
Meerut

Abstract
Objective: Clerodendrum serratum.(L)belong to family Verbenaceae a have long history as source of potential chemotherapeutic agents in Ayurvedic and Unani system of medicine.Clerodendrum serratum (L), Ban-Bakri is commonly known as Bharangi in Hindi and Bhargavi in Sanskrit. It is found from 1000 to 1800 meters above mean sea level. It is distributed in warmer regions of Deccan and Carnatic, West Coast districts of Tamil Nadu, Kumaon, Sikkim, and Assam.Clerodendrum serratumis one of the important plants from traditional system of medicine found all over the world.

Keyfinding: This review is intended to provide the currently available information on traditional and local knowledge, ethnobotanical and ethnomedical issues, identification of pharmacologically important molecules, and biochemical and pharmacological studies of this useful plant.

Summary: Clerodendrum serratum has been cited in many indigenous systems of health care for the treatment of variety of disorders. An extensively used as folk medicines for years have been investigated for their chemical constituents and biological activity to confirm these traditional claims.

About Author:
Mr. RAJU A. MODHAVADIYA
School of Life Sciences
University of Hertfordshire, UK

Abstract:
The main concept of the study was to find out the penetration of boots ibuprofen gel at different frequencies such as 20 kHz and 40 kHz through cellulose membrane exposed to ultrasound. Different sonicator bath were used for different frequencies. Ultrasound has been used to enhance penetration of ibuprofen from transdermal preparation. Boots ibuprofen gel was used in the experiment. Ibuprofen is a NSAIDs drug which is used to enhance healing effect against inflammation, pain and analgesics.
Frequency, intensities, duty cycle are the important factor. In this experiment frequency variable was used. 20 kHz and 40 kHz frequencies were used in this experiment.Boots ibuprofen gel max (10%) was used to measure the penetration of ibuprofen through the cellulose membrane exposed to ultrasound. By using the Franz diffusion cell penetration of ibuprofen was found out. An amount of ibuprofen permeated through cellulose membrane was found out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).       Penetration of  ibuprofen was found out more lower frequency.  However the penetration ibuprofen also increase compare to control in first hour. The ANOVA result: sample assuming equal variances were performed to find out significance difference (P<0.05) between control and different ultrasound frequencies and also the rate gradients were measured. The P value got for the control and 40 kHz frequency was 0.123, which indicate that there is no significance difference observed for permeation of ibuprofen from gel . P value of control and 20 kHz frequency applying for 2 min was 0.05 which was similar P value, which shows that nearly significance observed between two value. The P value of control and 20 kHz for 5 minute was 0.002 which indicate that there was a significance observed between this two value.   From the result it shows that lower frequency with more time give good penetration result.

About Author:Ratnadeep V. Ghadage.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Appasaheb Birnale College of Pharmacy, Sangli,
Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT:
Any investigation in human subjects intended to discover or verify the clinical, pharmacological and/or other pharmacodynamic effects of an investigational product(s), and/or to identify any adverse reactions to an investigational product(s), and/or to study absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of an investigational product(s) with the object of ascertaining its safety and/or efficacy. The terms clinical trial and clinical study are synonymous. Clinical trials examine the safety and efficacy of interventions, or treatments, in human subjects. This manuscript focuses on pharmaceutical clinical trials. The word subject is used deliberately here, since all participants in clinical trials are subjects, even if they are under the care of a personal physician, and therefore patients in that context, at the time of the trial. The pharmaceutical industry is now a more significant investor in clinical trials, but in addition to these opportunities, it is being challenged by the financial impact of managed care and medicaid regulations on academic medical-center revenues. Besides that, there is growing public concern about our systems for protection of human subjects, along with some conflicts. There are public expectations that clinical research will yield substantial advances in the health of the public. Once clinical research studies are completed and a drug has been approved for marketing by a regulatory agency, reports of the drug’s safety and efficacy will be published in the clinical literature. This dissemination of the results provides clinicians and research scientists with evidence of the beneficial administration of the drug.