• PharmaTutor
    17 September 2012

    RECENT ADVANCES OF LACCASE ENZYME IN INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY : A REVIEW

    About Authors:
    Alpeshkumar J.Shiroya*
    Bhagwan Mahavir College Of  Biotechnology,
    Surat
    alpeshshiroya45@yahoo.in

    ABSTRACT
    Laccases are an interesting group of multi-nuclear copper-containing oxidoreductases, which have been subject of intensive research in last decades due to their ability to oxidize both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin related compounds as well as highly recalcitrant environmental pollutants, which makes them very useful for their application to several biotechnological processes. These oxidase enzymes catalyze oxidation of substrates at the expense of molecular oxygen and produce water as the only by-product. Lacasses are present in higher plants, bacteria, fungi, insects and lichens. The oxidative ability of laccases is employed in a number of industrial and environmental applications including bioremediation, food technology, nanobiotechnology, medicine, pulp and paper industry, textile industry, and cosmetology. Owing to its versatility, laccase is continuously under investigation for new applications. In the recent years, laccases are also used as cleaning agents for certain water purification systems, as catalysts for the manufacture of anti-cancer drugs and even as ingredients in cosmetics. More recently, it is also used in the design of biosensors, biofuel cells, as a medical diagnostics tool and bioremediation agent to clean up herbicides, pesticides and certain explosives in soil. This paper reviews the occurrence, mode of action, general properties, production, immobilization, molecular cloning, and important  application  of laccases  within different industrial and biotechnological area.

  • 16 September 2012
    SURVEY ON DIABETES AND STANDARDIZATION OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATION

    About Authors:
    1Shambhawi, *Sai Saraswathi V
    1*Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division,
    School of Advanced Sciences,
    VIT-University, Vellore-632014,
    Tamilnadu, India.
    1shambhawi06@yahoo.co.in, * v.saisaraswathi@vit.ac.in

    ABSTRACT :
    Standardization of polyherbal formulation is important to validate the quality of drugs and to ensure that the consumers are getting medication which guarantees purity, safety, potency and efficacy. The present paper reports standardization of traditional ayurvedic liquid polyherbal antidiabetic formulation (Sucrogen) and diabetes survey for retrieving the information on medication along with the lifestyle of diabetic population. Sucrogen was standardized based on ayurvedic pharmacopeia physico-chemical properties, preliminary phytochemical tests, organoleptic characters, stability studies, microbial studies, TLC, HPLC, heavy metal estimation by AAS and flame photometry to fix the quality standard of this drug. Invitro anti-diabetics activity of the drug was determined using alpha amylase Inhibitory method.These studies resulted in a set of diagnostic characters essential for its standardization. The phytochemical constituents found to be present in raw materials used for the preparation of Sucrogen possibly helps in achieving the desirable therapeutic efficacy of the ayurvedic formulation.
    OBJECTIVE
    To do a general survey on diabetes and to standardize the polyherbal formulation consumed by the population of Jharkhand for the determination of purity and quality of drug

  • 16 September 2012
    A REVIEW ON CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM BY CHITOSAN HYDROGEL

    About Authors:
    SHAMBHAWI*, M SHIVASHANKAR
    School of Advanced Sciences, Pharmaceutical chemistry division,
    VIT University, VELLORE
    India

    ABSTRACT:
    Chitosan has been the subject of interest for its use as a polymeric drug carrier material in dosage form design due to its appealing properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and relatively low production cost from abundant natural sources. Hydrogels are a unique class of macromolecular networks that can hold a large fraction of an aqueous solvent within their structure. The objective of this paper is to give a brief review on the fundamentals and recent advances in chitosan based hydrogel for e.g., thermosensitive hydrogel variants which precludes the need of surgical implantation as well as the description of the release mechanism of bioactive molecules from these hydrogels which traps a drug and then releases the active compound by "Swelling" or expanding inside of specific tissues, thus allowing a higher concentration of the drug in a biodegradable format. This article presents an overview of the newest developments and applications of Chitosan based hydrogel for controlled drug delivery system.

  • 14 September 2012
    METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND ITS VALIDATION FOR ESTIMATION OF DEFLAZACORT IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM BY UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

    About Authors:
    Kapil Sharma*1, Subhash Gupta2, Priyanka Sharma1
    1Yaresun Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd.,India.
    2Oasis test house ltd.
    jaipur-302006,rajasthan,india.
    *pharma_kapil@rediffmail.com

    ABSTRACT
    This paper describe a simple, precise and economical spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of Deflazacort(DFCT) in tablet dosage form. Method is based on the estimation of DFCT in aqueous acetonitrileat 246 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 4-14 µg/ml. The accuracy of the method was assessed by recovery studies and was found to be 99.38±0.15 for DFCT. Results of the analysis were validated statistically so that it can be used for routine analysis of DFCT in tablet dosage form.

  • 14 September 2012
    ALTERING STATE OF AFFAIRS OF PACKAGING IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: A REVIEW

    About Authors:
    Nishant kumar gupta, *Aadesh kumar
    Dept. of pharmacy BIT meerut
    *adesh.adi.chaudhary@gmail.com

    Abstract:
    There was a point in time when packaging in pharmaceutical industry is symbolized for substantial safeguard, for identification and for merely endowing with a piece of information to any person who agree to it. But the changing scenario has been conveyed an assortment of changes, as in this day and age packaging provides the prevention of product tampering and counterfeiting, the assurance of product dispensing accuracy, child protection and the promotion of patient compliance with product dosage schedules. In the precedent time we used packaging materials, labels, holograms and some introductory communications; but these days together with them we use mobile applications, an innovative and creative unit, altering labeling standards, luxurious packaging, a packaging development team, anti-counterfeiting packaging extravaganza, hi-tech module for packaging demonstrate and an intelligent outlook. Packaging schoolwork has such an individual place in the market of counterfeit or fake drugs as nowhere. Packaging developer has an only effort to engender a special design that can competent with both fake brands and generic brand of that drug with ‘Me-too’ names.

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  • 13 September 2012
    EFFECT OF THIODIAZURON ON MULTIPLE SHOOT INDUCTION OF DIPLOID COTTON (G. ARBOREUM CV.PA255)

    About Authors:
    Nitin Deorao Rewatkar
    Department of Biotechnology, Kamla Nehru College,
    Sakkardara Square, Nagpur
    nitinrewatkar@gmail.com

    Abstract
    The effect of TDZ on regeneration studies of cotton G.arboreum cv PA255 was performed for in-vitro culture studies, healthy and disease free seeds, after surface sterilization were inoculated on seed germination media. Seeds germination efficiency was observed to be 73.38%. Shoot tips and cotynode explants aseptically isolated from in Vitro germinated seedlings of 7 and 14 days old were inoculated on MS basal salt supplemented with 30 gm/L glucose, 10 mg/L thiamine, 100 mg/L Inositol with four different concentration of TDZ. The proliferation of 7 and 14 days old shoot tip was found to 100% in media combination with 0.08 TDZ and 0.02 TDZ respectively. Cotynode explants of 7 days old was 100% responded in 0.02 TDZ and 0.08 TDZ, 14 days old cotynode shows highest 85% explants responded in 0.02 TDZ media combination but multiple shoots observed higher in 0.05 TDZ medium.TDZ induces callus formation and inhibit root formation, TDZ shows good responsein very small concentration otherwise increase concentration more than 1 mg/l it shows toxic effect on explants and completely dried. Browning and subsequent death of the cultured explants are major problems in TDZ supplemented media. Calculate the amount of phenol excreted from shoot tip and cotynode during in vitro regeneration of cotton cv. PA255. In the media combination 0.1mg /L TDZ evaluate  highest phenol secreted, shoot tip secrete average 0.014mg and cotynode secrete 0.022mg phenol by per explants.

  • 13 September 2012
    PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF BIODEGRADABLE ALBUMIN MICROSPHERES OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM

    About Authors:
    Renu1*, Shashi Kant2*, Rajendra Yadav3, Amit Kumar Tyagi4
    1Faculty of Pharmacy, Shivdan Singh Institute of Technology and Management, Aligarh (U.P)
    2Jubilant Chemsys Ltd, Noida,
    3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurukul Kangri University Haridwar, 
    4Department of Chemistry, Meerut College, Meerut (U.P)
    *shashi.pharma83@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT :
    Diclofenac is currently the eighth largest-selling drug and the most frequently used NSAID (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) in the world, since its introduction in Japan in 1974. Diclofenac is among the better tolerated NSAIDs. Only major adverse effect of Diclofenac is that it causes direct and indirect irritation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). To reduce the side effects on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and to improve therapeutic efficacy of Diclofenac, it can be formulated in polymeric microspheres.
    The use of polymeric carriers in formulations of therapeutic drug delivery systems has gained widespread application, due to their advantage of being biodegradable and biocompatible. Among the microparticulate systems, microspheres have a special importance since it is possible to target drugs and provide controlled release. Diclofenac sodium (DS), is a potent drug in the NSAID group having non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory properties, and is widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. In this present study, it was aimed to prepare microsphere formulations of DS using a natural biodegradable polymer as a carrier for administration to extend the duration period of the dosage form. Microsphere formulations of DS which were prepared were evaluated in vitro for particle size, yield value, encapsulation efficiency, surface morphology, and in vitro drug release.

  • 12 September 2012
    ANALYSIS OF SODIUM LEVELS IN JUNK FOOD BY FLAME PHOTOMETER

    About Authors:
    P.Abisha1*, D.ANANTHA LAKSHMI2
    1 II M.Sc Biochemistry,
    2 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
    DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
    ST.PIOUS X DEGREE AND PG COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, NACHARAM, HYDERABAD
    *godsbloved@yahoo.in

    ABSTRACT
    Sodium is an essential element for all animal life (including human) and for some plant species. In animals, sodium ions are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. Sodium is the chief cation in extracellular compartment of animal body.
    Sodium plays a vital role not only in human body but also in various food types. Sodium chloride is the principal source of sodium in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative, such as for pickling and jerky; most of it comes from processed foods.
    The sodium content in various foods can be analyzed by using Flame Photometry. Flame photometry also called flame atomic emission spectrometry is a branch of atomic spectroscopy in which the species examined in the spectrometer are in the form of atoms.
    The samples used for analysis are junk foods which have become a common trend among all generations. A total of 15 junk foods were processed and analyzed for estimating the sodium content in them by Flame Photometry.
    Based on the analysis the samples were categorized into low, moderate and high sodium containing foods. The analysis helps in creating awareness among all the generations to reduce the sodium intake in order to prevent problems like hypertension, hyponatremia, hypernatremia and associated medical complications in their future.

  • 12 September 2012
    CHARACTERISATION OF MARKER CHROMOSOMES

    About Authors:
    Masani Jigneshkumar Naranbhai
    School Of Science
    Biomedical Technology
    Jiwaji University, Gwalior
    jigneshmasani11@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT
    A supernumerary marker chromosome is an extra structurally abnormal chromosome of unknown origin. Various factors contribute to the difficulty of clarifying the phenotypicrisks of super numerary marker chromosomes (SMC), including differences inthe size, structure, and origin of marker chromosomes.

    All marker chromosomes do not contribute the same risk of recurrence. Therefore characterization of the marker chromosomes is of utmost importance for Genetic Counseling. Different molecular techniques can be used to identify the chromosome material present in the markers. In the present retrospective data analysis of 15,000 karyotypes of all patients referred to the Center of Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital from 1998 to 2012. For constitution chromosome abnormality detection, we found fifteen (0.01%) patients had presence of the SMC. Of these fifteen, eight markers had been characterized after FISH was introduced in the year 2004.  This contributed to personalized Genetic Counseling and help for future pregnancies.

  • 11 September 2012
    GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE: A DRUG TARGET IN TREATMENT OF CNS DISORDER

    About Authors:
    Najneen S. Shaikh1*, Mr. MAYURESH. K. RAUT2
    1Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (SIPS), Lonavala
    2Asst. Professor Of Phamaceutical Chemistry
    Sinhgad Technical Education Society,
    Kusgaon (Bk), Lonavala- 410401
    *naj.pharma.23@gmail.com

    ABTRACT
    Glycogen synthase   kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase, that mediates the addition of phosphate molecules on certain serine and threonine amino acids in particular cellular substrates.
    Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) has recently been linked to mood disorders and schizophrenia, and the neurotransmitter systems and therapeutic treatments associated with these diseases. GSK3 is a widely influential enzyme that is capable of phosphorylating, and thereby regulating, over forty known substrates. Four mechanisms regulating GSK3 (phosphorylation, protein complexes, localization, and substrate phosphorylation) combine to provide substrate-specific regulation of the actions of GSK3. Several intracellular signaling cascades converge on GSK3 to modulate its activity, and several neurotransmitter systems also regulate GSK3, including serotonergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic systems. Because of changes in these neurotransmitter systems and the actions of therapeutic drugs, GSK3 has been linked to the mood disorders, bipolar disorder and depression, and to schizophrenia.

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