Pharmacology Articles

21 November 2011

Peptic Ulcer: Causes and Therapy

About Author:
Anuradha Kaplish
M. Pharmacy (Drug discovery and drug development)
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University,
Chandigarh-160014, India

1. INTRODUCTION
A peptic ulcer is a hole in the gut lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus. A peptic ulcer of the stomach is called a gastric ulcer; of the duodenum, a duodenal ulcer; and of the esophagus, an esophageal ulcer. An ulcer occurs when the lining of these organs is corroded by the acidic digestive juices which are secreted by the stomach cells. Peptic ulcer disease is common, affecting millions of Americans yearly. The medical cost of treating peptic ulcer and its complications runs in the billions of dollars annually. Recent medical advances have increased our understanding of ulcer formation [1,2].
16 November 2011

A Review on Pharmacological Diversity of Chalcone Derivatives

About Authors:
Hardwari L. Yadav, P.K. Singour, R.S. Pawar, U. K. Patil
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
VNS Institute of Pharmacy,
Neelbud, Bhopal (M.P.)

Abstract
Chalcone are the important constituent of many natural sources and have variety of biological activities. The novel chalcone derivatives isolated from the fruits of Mallotus philippinensis called mallotophilippens. The chalcones are synthesize by claisen-schmidt base catalyzed condensation of appropriate aromatic ketones or substituted aromatic ketones with benzaldehyde or substituted benzaldehydes. Chalcones, considered as the precursors of flavonoids and isoflavonoids, are abundant in edible plants, and have also been shown to display a diverse array of pharmacological activities. Recent reports suggest antimicrobial activity of chalcones (antibacterial and antifungal), as well as antileishmanial, antimalarial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities of these compounds.
14 November 2011

PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF STEM BARK EXTRACT OF JATROPHA CURCAS L. FOR ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY

About Authors:Kamal Sachdeva*², Preeti Garg¹, Manmohan Singhal², Birendra Srivastava²
1. School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan vihar University, Jaipur
2. School of Pharmaceutical sciences,
Jaipur National University,
Jaipur, India

Abstract: The extracts of the stem bark of Jatropha curcas (Family-Euphorbiaceae) were tested for anti-diabetic activity, using blood glucose level in normal fasted rats, glucose tolerance test. Methanol: acetone: water (70:20:10) crude extract of Jatropha curcas at the dose of 100 and 300 mg/kg had shown significant protection and lowered the blood glucose levels to normal in glucose tolerance test. The extract showed a significant anti- diabetic activity comparable with that of glibenclamide. These results indicate that the Jatropha curcas stem bark possess significant anti – diabetic activity.
9 November 2011

ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE: AN OVERVIEW TO HEART DISEASE

About Author:
Rajesh Mujoriya
Sardar patel college of technology,
Balaghat, dis. Balaghat,
MP–481001,INDIA

Abstract
Ischaemic Heart Disease is a condition that affects the supply of blood to the heart. The blood vessels are blocked due to the deposition of cholesterol plaques on their walls. This reduces the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart musculature, which is essential for proper functioning of the heart. This may eventually result in a portion of the heart being suddenly deprived of its blood supply leading to the death of that area of heart tissue, resulting in heart attack.
In 1963 the Ministry of Railways carried out a survey with a view to ascertaining the number of deaths due to ischimic heart disease among railway populations in different parts of the country. The method employed was to obtain data from all the railway zones on a proforma based on W.H.O. classification 420, for arteriosclerotic, including coronary heart disease.
The epidemiology studies have provided several key points of information related to the risk of developing IHD. First, several specific risk factors for IHD have been identified. Second, evidence that these factors are closely related to environmental and life-style changes implies that risk factors are potentially alterable. Third, these studies have stimulated further consideration and investigation of the basic mechanism of atherosclerosis. Angiographic studies have indicated a direct relationship between the risk factors and the severity of coronary disease.

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4 November 2011

Antineoplastic Agent: Chemotherapeutic Treatment to Fight against Cancer

About Author:
Rajesh Mujoriya
Sardar patel college of technology,
Balaghat, dis. Balaghat,
MP–481001,INDIA

Abstract
A neoplasm or tumor is a abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and continues in the same manner after cessation of the stimuli which have initiated it.
A malignant tumor grows rapidly and continuously, and even when it has impoverished its host and source of nutrition, still retains the potentiality for further proliferation. Besides, malignanat tumors invade and destroys neighbouring tissues and possess no effective capsule, a malignant tumors readily ulcerate and tend sooner or later dessiminate and form metastases.
31 October 2011

SHORT INFORMATIVE REVIEW ON SINGLE SHOT INSULIN FOR DIABETICS

About Author:
Vijay M. Waghulkar^1* (M.Pharm, D.B.M.), Dr. Supriya S. Deshpande² (M.Pharm, Ph.D), Pooja A. Kohle³(M.Sc)
*Corresponding author
1. Lecturer, Dept of Quality Assurance
Vidyabharati, College of Pharmacy, Camp, Amravati – 444601,
Maharastra, India.

2.Professor and HOD
Punjabrao Memorial Medical College of Pharmacy,
Panchvati, , Amravati – 444602,
Maharastra, India

3. Lecturer,Dept. Cosmectic Technology
Vidyabharati Mahavidyala, Camp, Amravati – 444601,
Maharastra, India.

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is caused due to deficiency in production of insulin by the pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin producD.Diabetes mellitus often referred to as diabetes—is a condition in which the body either does not produce enough, or does not properly respond to, insulin, a hormoneproduced in the pancreas. Insulin enables cells to absorb glucose in order to turn it into energy. This causes glucose to accumulate in the blood, leading to various potential complications.

To overcome such complication Indian scientist have develop new techniques for diabetics i.e. single shot insulin which , is very essentials, blessful, create new ray of hope to the patients of diabetics ,give relief upto 120 days.
29 October 2011

EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF LEAF EXTRACT OF PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA IN ALLOXAN - INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

About Author:
Vijay Kumar Dadi*
Department Of Pharmacology,
Vinayaka Missions College Of Pharmacy, Salem (Tamilnadu)

Abstract
The Present investigation was carried out to study the antidiabetic effect of the methanolic extract of plumbago zeylanicain alloxan induced diabetic rats.TheLD50 determination was done in mice by OECD guidelines 423. The LD50 of the plumbago zeylanica was found to be 1000mg/kg. Metformin ( 500 mg/kg p.o) was given as a standard drug. The methanolic extract ( 200 mg/kg p.o) have shown significant antidiabetic activity than ( 100 mg/kg p.o) in alloxan induced diabetic rats by reducing serum Cholesterol, Triglycerides,LDL and increased HDL levels. Histopathological studies also confirmed the antidiabetic nature of the extract. Our results indicate that extract of plumbago zeylanica have prominent antidiabetic effect in experimental diabetes and can therefore be used as an alternative remedy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications.
22 October 2011

Aphrodisiac Activity of Bombax Ceiba Linn. Extract in Male Mice

About Author: 1) Pankaj H. Chaudhary, M.Pharm
Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Government College of Pharmacy,
Kathora Naka, Amravati – 444604, Maharashtra, INDIA.
2) Somshekhar S. Khadabadi*. M.Pharm., PhD.
Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Government College of Pharmacy,
Kathora Naka, Amravati – 444604, Maharashtra, INDIA.

Abstract
In the present study, the aphrodisiac activity of Bombax ceiba Linn. (Bombacaceae) root extract was investigated. The extract (400 mg/kg body wt./day) was administered orally by gavage for 28 days. Mount latency (ML), intromission latency (IL), ejaculation latency (EL), mounting frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF), ejaculation frequency (EF) and post-ejaculatory interval (PEI) were the parameters observed before and during the sexual behavior study at day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The extract reduced significantly ML, IL, EL and PEI (p < 0.05). The extract also increased significantly MF, IF and EF (p < 0.05). These effects were observed in sexually active and inactive male mice.
22 October 2011

Pharmacological Investigation of the Plant Prunus Amygdalus (Batsch) for its Anti-ulcer

About Author: Devendra Kumar^1*, Durga Prasad Dash¹, Shushank Dixit², Pragya Seth³
Department of Pharmaceutical technology,
¹Sri Satya Sai collage of Pharmacy (Sehore),
²NH-58, Bagpath road bypass, MIET, Meerut,
³Laxmi Narayan College of Pharmacy, Bhopal

Abstract
This study has been undertaken to investigate the effect of methanolic extract of almond nuts of Prunus amygdalus (batsch.) on pylorus ligation gastric ulcers in Wistar rats. Treatment with Prunus amygdalus extract of (200 mg/Kg bodyweight, 400 mg /Kg body weight) and ranitidine (50 mg/ Kg body weight) for 1 hr to the Ethanol and rats Pylorus ligation were given and absorb the acid parameters. The present study provides a strong evidence of antiulcer activity of Prunus amygdalus extract against gastric lesions. The antiulcer activity is recognized by a reduction in acid-secretary parameters (i.e. total and free acid), gastric volume and ulcer score suggesting that acid inhibition accelerates ulcer healing, thereby strengthening of mucosal barrier. Administration of Prunus amygdalus (200 mg/kg & 400mg/kg p.o.) increased CAT, and GSH levels as compared to the negative control group, which suggests its efficacy in preventing free radical-induced damage. However, significant increase was observed all doses but in 400mg/kg were better results. In this present study was showed that there was present a significant protection for Hexosamine in all treated groups in compare to negative control group. The LPO results in showed that there was significance level difference present in negative control group and all other group that indicated that lipid peroxides enzyme was higher in vehicle treated group. Ulcer score is the counting of spots and severity of damage in gastric part by any moiety such as ethanol. Single drug treatment (200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg of P.A.E.) was effective up to a significant level (P<0.05) in compare to negative control group. Volume of gastric juice indicate the secretions of gastric fluid and it is higher in negative control group and all drug treated group was effective in relation to negative control group (P <0.05).

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12 October 2011

Memory Enhancing Activity of Methanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris in Swiss Albino Mice

About Author: Neeraj Kumar Garg*1, Pankaj Khatri1, Sangeeta Gupta2, N. Ganesh2
1. School of pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal, Jagatpura, Jaipur (Raj.)
2. Incharge, Department of research, jawahar lal Nehru cancer Hospital and Research centre, Idgah hills Bhopal 462001 (M.P.)

Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder currently without an effective treatment. Impairment of memory is the initial and most significant symptom of Alzheimer disease (AD). The present study was under taken to investigate the effect of Selaginella bryopteris (popularly known as sanjeevani, Family: Selaginellaceae) on learning and memory. Two doses (250 and 500 mg/kg p.o.) of methanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris were administered for 7 successive days in separate group of animals. The dose of 500 mg/kg p.o. of the methanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris significantly improved learning and memory of mice. Antioxidant property of Selaginella bryopteris may be contributing favourably to the memory enhancement effect. However, further studies are necessitated to identify the exact mechanism of action. In the present investigation of Selaginella bryopteris have shown promising memory enhancing agent in the entire laboratory models employed.