Pharmaceutics Articles

21 July 2011

Patent Search

About Authors: Patel Rahul G.
Quality Assurance Devision,
Arihant School of pharmacy and Bioreseach institute,
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1071

Abstract
Patent right can be conformed to any invention which can fulfill the criteria of novelty, non obviousness and commercial utility .To check the novelty and non obviousness aspect of invention, patent search and prior art search are very essential. Every country has its own patent right. As India is growing very rapidly in pharmaceutical sector, there is a need of information about the patent search. Patent search has to be done for both granted patents and published patents as well as for research publications. There are number of databases are available to do patent search which includes ..
(1) Free databases like google patents, USPTO, EPO, Free patents online etc.
(2) Paid databases like scifinder, micropat, patent insight pro etc.
Each databases have its own merits and demerits. Hear we have included statements and all databases regarding patent search also how to file a patent in more than one country by single patent application.
The objective of this paper would be to provid ready reckner to any researcher who would like to begin their patent search and will get better idea regarding scopes and limitation of his search to develop research strategy accordingly.
16 June 2011

BUCCO ADHESIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

About Authors: Anjali Gureja; 4^th B.Pharm Student
N jawahar; Lecturer Department of Pharmaceutics
Mihir Trivedi; 4^th B.Pharm Student
Anusha K; 4^th B.Pharm Student
Prashant Subhashrao Wake; M.Pharm Student

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1072

Abstract
Patient compliance is necessary for optimum therapeutic outcome and the extent of adverse effects,convenience and cost of the drug determine the success of a medicine In recent years, there has been increasing interest on the use of bioadhesive polymers to control the delivery of biologically active agents systemically or locally The present study includes in the increased interest and use of bioadhesive polymers in bucco adhesive drug delivery system.Which is useful for drugs which are succeptible to extensive gastrointestinal degradation and first pass metabolism. Buccal administration as a method of preventing presystemic metabolism
1. As it provides.highy vascular site 2. Regional variation in permeability to drugs 3. Passive diffusion of unionized drugs 4. Escapes first pass metabolism.
A bioadhesive system plays a major role, due to its potential leads to high demand for buccal drug delivery system.

(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
15 June 2011

A REVIEW ON FAST DISSOLVING TABLET TECHNOLOGY

About Authors: Shouvik Bhattacharya1, Tapas Kumar Pal2
NSHM College Of Pharmaceutical Technology, West Bengal (NCPT)
1 - Student of B.pharm, 4^th year,
2 - Assistant Professor of NCPT

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1075

Introduction
Recent trends in Pharmaceutical formulation development technology have presented viable dosage alternatives for patients who may have difficulty swallowing tablets or liquids. Traditional tablets and capsules administered with an 8-oz. (One glass) of water may be inconvenient or impractical for some patients. However, some patients, particularly pediatric and geriatric patients, have difficulty swallowing or chewing solid dosage forms. Many pediatric and geriatric patients are unwilling to take these solid preparations due to fear of choking. For example, a very elderly patient may not be able to swallow a daily dose of antidepressant in the form of a Caplet shaped Tablet. An eight-year-old with allergies could use a more convenient dosage form than antihistamine syrup. A schizophrenic patient in the institutional setting can hide a conventional tablet under his or her tongue to avoid their daily dose of an atypical antipsychotic. A middle-aged woman undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer may be too nauseous to swallow her H2-blocker. Fast-dissolving tablets (FDTs) / Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are a perfect fit for all of these patients. Fast-dissolving drug delivery systems have rapidly gained acceptance as an important new way of administering drugs. There are multiple fast-dissolving OTC and Rx products on the market worldwide, most of which have been launched in the past 3 to 4 years. There have also been significant increases in the number of new chemical entities under development using a fast-dissolving drug delivery technology.
7 June 2011

Transdermal Drug Delivery System: An Overview

About Authors:Niroj Shrestha*, D. Nagasamy Venkatesh**, Jeevan Sharma
J. S. S. College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Tamilnadu, India
*Final Year B.Pharmacy Student.
**For correspondence:
Department of Pharmaceutics
J. S. S. College of Pharmacy,
(A constituent college of JSS University, Mysore)
Ooty – 643 001.
Tamil Nadu, India.

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1068

Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) has emerged as a potential novel drug delivery system in the last 30 years to improve the therapeutic efficacy and safety, maintain steady state plasma level of drugs and overcome significant drawbacks of the conventional oral dosage forms and parenteral preparations. TDDS is ideally suited for diseases that demand chronic treatment with frequent dosing. This review deals with a brief insight on the formulation aspects, the physical and chemical enhancers being explored to enhance the transdermal delivery of drugs across the stratum corneum, the evaluation parameters (physicochemical, in vitro, in vivo studies) and therapeutic applications of TDDS.
7 June 2011

Drug Delivery using Alginate and chitosan beads: An Overview

About Authors: Rajan Sharma Bhattarai*, D.Nagasamy Venkatesh**, Ayush Shrestha
*Final Year B.Pharmacy Student.
**For correspondence
Department of Pharmaceutics
JSS College of Pharmacy, (A constituent college of JSS University, Mysore)
Ooty – 643 001, Tamil Nadu.
21 May 2011

Novel Targeted Drug Delivery Systems - New Age Weapons for Bladder Diseases.

About Author: Parikh Ankitkumar Yogeshbhai*, Joshi Pratikkumar Rajendrakumar, Upadhyay Shivam Umeshbhai
*Department of Pharmaceutics,
A. R. college of Pharmacy,
V. V. Nagar, Anand, Gujarat, India.

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1073

Abstract
The urinary bladder is primarily a short-term storage organ for urine. The epithelial layer of the urinary bladder, the urothelium, serves as the primary barrier to the toxic substances diffusing from the urine into the blood. The barrier function is due to the epithelial surface of the urinary bladder, the urothelium, which has characteristic umbrella cells, joined by tight junctions and covered by impenetrable plaques, as well as an anti-adherent mucin layer. Diseases of the urinary bladder, such as bladder carcinomas and interstitial cystitis, cause acute damage to the bladder wall. They cannot be effectively treated by systemic administration of drugs because permeability of the urothelial layer is very low and instilled drug solutions become diluted with urine and get washed out of the bladder during voiding, necessitating repeated infusions of the drug. In order to improve the efficacy of drug carrier systems for drug delivery purposes, nano-sized particles such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, gelatin protein nanoparticles, dendrimers, etc., can be used to increase the contact between the encapsulated drug and the damaged site, as well as chemically interact with the urothelium to enhance permeability through it. Magnetic targeting using external magnetic fields shows promising results in terms of non-invasive targeting of specific regions in the bladder. Mucoadhesive biomaterials as drug carriers can adhere efficiently to the mucous membrane of the urothelium, increases the residence time of the drug in the bladder and allows sustained drug delivery over a prolonged time span. Hydrogels, such as the thermo-responsive polymeric PEG-PLGA-PEG system, which forms an in situ polymeric gel layer that stays strongly adhered to the bladder wall. Gene therapy using viral and non-viral vectors has advantages over conventional methods in terms of much more specific targeting of tumor cells. Novel targeted drug delivery systems with much higher specificities to the target cells can provide great breakthrough in bladder diseases, especially bladder cancers which are difficult to treat currently and having high mortality rates.
14 May 2011

AN OVERVIEW ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL PATENT

About Author: A. A. Durgavale*, M. V. Mahale, S. R. Kane, Dr. S. K. Mohite, Dr. C. S. Magdum
Department of Quality Assurance,
Rajarambapu College Of Pharmacy,
Kasegaon, Tal - Walwa, Dist. - Sangli - 415404

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1058

Abstract
Intellectual Property (IP) refers to property created with the use of intellect. In other words, this refers to creation of mind. These are rights given to person over creation of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over use of his or her relation for certain period of time. Intellectual property differs from other form of properties as it does not have any physical shape and can be seen. Protection of Intellectual property is done by offering time limited rights to investor in form of patents.
Intellectual property laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, such that the acquisition, registration or enforcement of IP rights must be pursued or obtained separately in each territory of interest. However, these laws are becoming increasingly harmonized through the effects of international treaties such as the 1994 World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), while other treaties may facilitate registration in more than one jurisdiction at a time. Certain forms of IP rights do not require registration in order to be enforced. There are various forms of IP like Copyrights and related rights, Trade Marks, Geographical Indications, Industrial Designs, Lay out Designs of Integrated Circuits, Protection of Undisclosed Information (Trade Secrets), Patents, Plant varieties.
14 May 2011

Development and Validation of New Analytical Method for Estimation of Drotaverine in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by UV Spectrophotometry

About Author: Khuntia Bhabani S., M.Pharm., B.P.U.T.,
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality assurance,
Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,
Berhampur, Odisha, India

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1056

Abstract
The present study includes a simple, sensitive and specific UV method development and validation for the quantitation of Drotaverine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The λmax was found to be 357nm by taking acetonitrile and water (50:50) as solvent. The validation of the proposed method was carried out as per ICH Guidelines. It was found that the drug was shown the linearity between the range 5-90µg/ml. The regression of the curve was y = 0.022x - 0.033. The developed method was found to be with %RSD 0.548499 for Drotaverine. The %RSD for intra-day and inter-day precision was lower than 2%. The percentage recovery values of pure drug from the reanalyzed solution of formulation were in between 95.68-99.5%. The ruggedness of the method was studied by taking in account of different analyst and by varying the temperature. Based on the performance characteristic the proposed UV method was found to suitable for the estimation of Drotaverine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form.
13 May 2011

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLOATING MICROSPHERES OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE

About Author: Rajyalakshmi Dhulipati (B.Pharm), Janardhanreddy Ramareddy P. (M.Pharm), G. Rajalakshmi (M.Pharm, Lecturer), Dr. N. Damodharan (M.Pharm, Ph.D, Professor & Head of the Department)
Department of Pharmaceutics,
SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM University,
Kattankulathur-603203, Kancheepuram Dist., Tamil Nadu.

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1055

Abstract
The main aim of the study is to formulate and evaluate floating microspheres of Metformin Hydrochloride. Gastro retentive floating microspheres have emerged as an efficient means of enhancing the bioavailability and controlled delivery of many drugs. Floating microspheres of microspheres are formulated in order to achieve an extended retention time in upper G.I.T. which results in enhanced absorption and thereby improving the bioavailability. Floating microspheres were prepared by Non aqueous solvent evaporation method by using Eudragit RS 100 and Eudragit RL 100. The pure drug, the polymers and the physical mixtures were evaluated for FTIR. The prepared Metformin hydrochloride microspheres were evaluated for surface topography, angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, carr’s index, hausner’s ratio, yield of microspheres, particle size analysis, drug entrapment efficiency, invitro floating ability, invitro drug release and kinetic studies. Results showed that there were no drug incompatibilities and there was good floating ability. SEM revealed the size and surface morphology. The Preformulation parameters were found to be satisfactory. Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be 70-135% and yield was found to be 70-95%. The drug release profiles showed that microspheres prepared with Eudragit RS 100 showed less release when compared to Eudragit RL 100. When Eudragit RL 100 was used in combination with Eudragit RS 100, the release was found to be faster when compared to Eudragit RS 100 alone. The release data obtained were fitted to Higuchi and Korsemeyer-Peppas model to indicate that the mechanism of the drug release was non fickian type of diffusion.
12 May 2011

PHARMACEUTICAL PROCESS VALIDATION WHY TO DO, WHEN TO DO AND HOW TO DO IT

About Author: R. C. PATEL, C. K. BHUVA, MR. R. P. SINGH, MR. ABHISHEK DADHICH, MR. ANIL SHARMA.
Department of Quality Assurance, Gyan Vihar School of pharmacy,
Suresh Gyan Vihar University,
Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302025

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1053

Abstract
Validation has become one of the pharmaceutical industry’s most recognized and discussed subjects. It is a critical success factor in product approval and ongoing commercialization. This article provide brief introduction about the pharmaceutical process validation and its importance according to regulatory provision, also provide the answer of question like why to do, when to do and how to do it. This work is to present an introduction and general overview on process validation of pharmaceutical manufacturing process. Quality is always an imperative prerequisite when we consider any product. Therefore, drugs must be manufactured to the highest quality levels. End-product testing by itself does not guarantee the quality of the product. Quality assurance techniques must be used to build the quality into the product at every step and not just tested for at the end. In pharmaceutical industry, Process Validation performs this task to build the quality into the product because according to ISO 9000:2000, it had proven to be an important tool for quality management of pharmaceuticals.