Biotechnology Articles

21 September 2012

BIOSENSOR - Micro electrochemical device

About Authors:
Vedant M. Pandya
Department of biotechnology, shree M & N Virani science college,
Rajkot, India-360005
vedantpandya007@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
A biosensor is a device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with physicochemical detector components. An integrated device consisting of a biological recognition element & a transducer capable of detecting the biological reaction & converting it into a signal which can be processed. Ideally, the sensor shod be self-contained, so that it is not necessary to add reagents to the sample matrix to obtain the desired response. There are a number of analytes which are measured in biological media: pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, partial pressure of oxygen & the ionic concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium & chloride. Biosensors are typically classified by the type of recognition element or transduction element employed. Sensors might be described as a catalytic biosensor if it is recognition element comprised an enzyme or series of enzymes, a living tissue slice, or whole cells derived from microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or yeast. The sensor might be described as a bioaffinity sensor if the basis of operation were a biospecific complex formation. Accordingly, the reaction of an antibody with an antigen or hapten, or the reaction of an ageist or antagonist with a receptor, could be employed. In the former case, the sensor might be called an immunosensor. Since, enzyme-based sensor measure the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction as the basis for their response, any physical measurement which yield a quantity related to this rate can be used for detection. The enzyme may be immobilized on the end of an optical fiber, & the spectroscopic properties related to the disappearance of the reactants or appearance of products of the reaction can be measured. Since biochemical reaction can be either endothermic or exothermic. Miniaturized thermistor based calorimeter called thermistos, have been developed & widely applied, especially for bioprocess monitoring.
17 September 2012

RECENT ADVANCES OF LACCASE ENZYME IN INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY : A REVIEW

About Authors:
Alpeshkumar J.Shiroya*
Bhagwan Mahavir College Of Biotechnology,
Surat
alpeshshiroya45@yahoo.in

ABSTRACT
Laccases are an interesting group of multi-nuclear copper-containing oxidoreductases, which have been subject of intensive research in last decades due to their ability to oxidize both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin related compounds as well as highly recalcitrant environmental pollutants, which makes them very useful for their application to several biotechnological processes. These oxidase enzymes catalyze oxidation of substrates at the expense of molecular oxygen and produce water as the only by-product. Lacasses are present in higher plants, bacteria, fungi, insects and lichens. The oxidative ability of laccases is employed in a number of industrial and environmental applications including bioremediation, food technology, nanobiotechnology, medicine, pulp and paper industry, textile industry, and cosmetology. Owing to its versatility, laccase is continuously under investigation for new applications. In the recent years, laccases are also used as cleaning agents for certain water purification systems, as catalysts for the manufacture of anti-cancer drugs and even as ingredients in cosmetics. More recently, it is also used in the design of biosensors, biofuel cells, as a medical diagnostics tool and bioremediation agent to clean up herbicides, pesticides and certain explosives in soil. This paper reviews the occurrence, mode of action, general properties, production, immobilization, molecular cloning, and important application of laccases within different industrial and biotechnological area.
13 September 2012

EFFECT OF THIODIAZURON ON MULTIPLE SHOOT INDUCTION OF DIPLOID COTTON (G. ARBOREUM CV.PA255)

About Authors:
Nitin Deorao Rewatkar
Department of Biotechnology, Kamla Nehru College,
Sakkardara Square, Nagpur
nitinrewatkar@gmail.com

Abstract
The effect of TDZ on regeneration studies of cotton G.arboreum cv PA255 was performed for in-vitro culture studies, healthy and disease free seeds, after surface sterilization were inoculated on seed germination media. Seeds germination efficiency was observed to be 73.38%. Shoot tips and cotynode explants aseptically isolated from in Vitro germinated seedlings of 7 and 14 days old were inoculated on MS basal salt supplemented with 30 gm/L glucose, 10 mg/L thiamine, 100 mg/L Inositol with four different concentration of TDZ. The proliferation of 7 and 14 days old shoot tip was found to 100% in media combination with 0.08 TDZ and 0.02 TDZ respectively. Cotynode explants of 7 days old was 100% responded in 0.02 TDZ and 0.08 TDZ, 14 days old cotynode shows highest 85% explants responded in 0.02 TDZ media combination but multiple shoots observed higher in 0.05 TDZ medium.TDZ induces callus formation and inhibit root formation, TDZ shows good responsein very small concentration otherwise increase concentration more than 1 mg/l it shows toxic effect on explants and completely dried. Browning and subsequent death of the cultured explants are major problems in TDZ supplemented media. Calculate the amount of phenol excreted from shoot tip and cotynode during in vitro regeneration of cotton cv. PA255. In the media combination 0.1mg /L TDZ evaluate highest phenol secreted, shoot tip secrete average 0.014mg and cotynode secrete 0.022mg phenol by per explants.
29 August 2012

siRNA TECHNOLOGY:AN EMERGING TREND IN THERAPEUTICS

About Authors:
Vaibhav Patel*, Punit Bhatnagar, Gopal Rai, Alok Pal Jain
Guru Ramdas Khalsa Institute of Science & Technology (Pharmacy),
Jabalpur
*vaibhavpatel281@gmail.com

Introduction
Gene therapy by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) hasbeen emerging as innovative nucleic acid medicines with increasing knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of endogenous RNA interference. Gene silencingis a promising tool for the treatment of numerous human diseases that cannot be cured by rational therapies. The primary success of siRNA applications depends on suitable vectors to deliver therapeutic genes.
22 August 2012

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF A BEGOMOVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH CLERODENDRON INERME

About Authors:
Sanjay Kumar Yadav^*1, Anjana Yadav¹, Shahana Majumder²
^*1Dept of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, B.B.S. Institute of Pharmaceutical & Allied Sciences, Greater Noida, (U.P.), India
¹Dept of Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Sahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, (U.P.), India
²Dept of Biotechnology, Sharda University, School of Engineering and Technology,
Greater Noida, (U.P.), India
*sanjay_yadav3333@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT
Viruses are pathogens with an extremely narrow host range. Their phylogenetic origin is vague, tough it has always been considered that viruses are genes that became vagrant after having excluded themselves of the host’s or a related species’ genome (Anderson et.al., 2004). Viruses are usually units consisting of nucleic acids and coat proteins called capsids. Viroids consist only of RNA, i.e. they contain no protein at all. Except for a few cases, Viruses have no energy metabolism of their own. Consequently, they cannot perform syntheses and are thus unable to replicate themselves. Depending on their host species, it is distinguished between plant viruses multiplying almost exclusively within plant cells, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) that depend on living bacteria, and animal viruses. The genetic information of viruses is either encoded by single-stranded RNA (Most plant viruses), double-stranded RNA (Wound tumor viruses), single-stranded DNA (Gemini viruses) or double stranded DNA (Cauliflower mosaic virus). Based on the shape of the viruses particle, it is distinguished between rod shaped and icosahedral viruses with a capsid that seem almost spherical. Viruses’ cause many disease in humans of international importance for example smallpox polio, hepatitis etc. viruses cause also many important plant disease and are responsible for huge loss in crop production and quality in all part of the world. Around 25 years ago, when genomic properties of geminiviruses were studied, many scientists regarded them as ‘friends of humans’, because of their potential as gene transfer vectors in plant genetic engineering and non-harmful effects on host plants. But far from being friends, these viruses have now emerged as foes and are a serious threat to world agriculture now. Increase in international commodity trade, intercontinental transportation networks and a changing global climate have contribute to the spread of this virus and its whitefly vector (Moffat et.al.,1999).
21 August 2012

BIOLOGICAL DECOLORIZATION OF TEXTILE DYE USING MICRO ALGAE

About Authors:
Vedant Pandya
M.Sc. Biotechnology,
Department Of Biotechnology,
Shree M.N.Virani Science College, Rajkot
vedantpandya007@gmail.com

Abstract :
The potential of Cosmarium species, belonging to green Micro algae, was investigated as a viable biomaterial for biological treatment of triphenylmethane dye, Malachite Green (MG). This can be used for the bioremediation of dye effluents. The results obtained from the batch experiments revealed the ability of algal species in removing dye. The effects of operational parameters (temperature, pH, dye concentration and algal concentration) on decolorization were examined. The stability and efficiency of the algae in long-term repetitive operations were also examined. Michaelis–Menten kinetics was used to describe the apparent correlation between the decolorization rate and the dye concentration.

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17 August 2012

A Review Biotechnological removal of color and dye from waste water

About Authors:
Alpesh J.Shiroya*, K.K.Vaghasiya, N.J.ghantala
Bhagwan Mahavir College Of Biotechnology ,
Surat
*alpeshshiroya45@yahoo.in

Abstract
Clean technology has become an important concern for every industry. Especially in textile dyeing factories, there is much use of water, energy, dyeing colours and chemicals. This can cause significant water and air pollution problems. The wastewater wear a lot of colour and having toxic odour, COD and BOD. wastewater contains the following reactive dyes: turquoise DG, black DN, red DB-8 and orange OGR. It has been shown that the efficiency of dye removal depends on the type of dye, coagulant dosage, and the sample pH.The performance of COD and colour removal in the single-stage ozonation- biological treatment was also compared with the multi-stage ozonation-biological treatment processes. Ozonation transforms the functional groups in azo dye to produce more biodegradable by products, which is easily removed by biological treatment. semiconductor photocatalysis process could be an appropriate tool for the treatment for textile dyeing and printing wastewater. Activated sludge treatment and the coagulation-flocculation method with ≥80% removal efficiency of waste water. Using the electrocoagulation process possible the reuse of dye wastewater by removing the colours. sequential batch reactor (SBR) technology as an alternative method for treating industrial effluents.In the present work we review existing processes as well as promising new technologies for texttile waste water decolorisation.
7 August 2012

Synthesis and characterization of gelatin nanoparticle from fish and it role as drug delivery vehicle for Tuberculosis

About Authors:
L.Kalaiselvi^1*, Mr.R.Ulaganathan²
¹ B.Pharm, II M.Tech Nanoscience&Technology,
² Assistant Professor, B.Sc, M.Sc., M.Tech
Department of Biotechnology, Udaya school of Engineering,
Nagercoil, Kanyakumari dt.
*klkselvi@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Nanoparticle based systems have significant prospective for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) Gelatin nanoparticle derived from marine sources (fish skin, bone and fins) has been looked upon as a possible alternative to bovine and porcine. Fish gelatin nanoparticle synthesis by two step desolvation method, it was stable nanoparticles and confirm through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).These nanoparticle were used as carrier for rifampicin. Our aim to develop a Nano particulate carrier of rifampicin for controlled delivery as well as reduced toxicity. In this study, rifampicin loaded fish gelatin nanoparticle was fabricated by an absorption/adsorption method. The effect of several variables on the Nanoparticle’s characteristics was calculated.
17 June 2012

EVALUATION OF THE ASSOCIATION OF rs8052394 OF METALOTHIONEIN-1A GENE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN NEPALESE POPULATION

About Authors:
Bishal Khatiwada^1,2, Binita Dhakal^1,2, Surya Prasad Sharma^1,2, Uddhav Timilsina¹
1. Department of Biotechnology,
College for Professional Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
2. Department of Biotechnology,
Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
*suryapdsharma@gmail.com

Reference Id: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1310

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which person is characterized by the high blood sugar either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not use the insulin that is produced.^[1] The classical symptoms of diabetes are polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).^[2] Almost one in 10 of the world population already has this condition, or can be expected to develop it during their lifetime, with prevalence rates forecast to double within the next 15 years.^[3]According to WHO(2000A.D.), at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population.^[4]

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17 February 2012

DIABETES: SLOW POISON SKYROCKETS

About Authors:
Shiv Kumar Mishra, Vinita Pawar, Archana Tiwari
M.Tech Biotech
RGPV, Bhopal (MP)

Diabetes mellitus is a very common disorder in all over the world, often simply referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases (Also known as metabolic syndrome and a slow poison) in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. Cause classical symptoms like polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).

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