• PharmaTutor
    13 December 2012

    CONCEPT AND PHILOSOPHY OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENTS

    About Authors:
    Amit A. Patel
    Seth G. L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
    Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
    Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, INDIA.
    amitpatelmx@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT:
    Quality is critical in achieving competitiveness in domestic and global market. Quality is a journey starting from design, to conformance, and ends at better performance. This process considers quality as a ‘never ending’ improvement. The success of TQM mainly depends on the achievement of internal as well as external customer satisfaction. Internal customer satisfaction is a prerequisite to achieve external customer satisfaction.

    If Employees are to identify and correct quality problems, then they have to use some quality tools. Quality circles are also known as work improvement or quality teams. the quality circle is a small group of employees who voluntarily meet at regular times to identify, analyse and solve quality and other problems in their working environment.

  • 12 December 2012
    A REVIEW ON QUALITY CONTROL OF HERBAL DRUGS

    About Authors:
    R.C. Gedar1*, Rakesh Sharma2, Sanjeev Sharma2
    1Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. college of technical education, IPSDR, Sriganganagar (Raj.)
    2J. C. D. M. Pharmacy College, Sirsa (Hry.)
    *rcgedar@gmail.com

    Abstract
    This review highlights the current advances in knowledge about the safety, efficacy and quality control of botanical medicines. Phytotherapeutic agents are standardized herbal preparations consisting of complex mixtures of one or more plants which contain as active ingredients plant parts or plant material in the crude or processed state. A marked growth in the worldwide phytotherapeutic market has occurred over the last 15 years. For the European and USA markets alone, this will reach about $7 billion and $5 billion per annum, respectively, in 1999, and hasthus attracted the interest of most large pharmaceutical companies. Insufficient data exist for most plants to guarantee their quality, efficacy and safety. The idea that herbal drugs are safe and free from side effects is false.

  • 11 December 2012
    CHROMATOGRAPHY- AN INTRODUCTION

    About Authors:
    Amit A. Patel
    Seth G. L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
    Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
    Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, INDIA.
    amitpatelmx@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT:
    Chromatography may be defined as method of separating a mixture of components into individual component through equilibrium distribution  between two phases. chromatography is based on the differences in the rate at which components of mixture moves through a porous medium ( called stationary  phase ) under the influence of some solvent or gas ( called moving phase ). Graph showing detector response as a function of a time is called Chromatogram. The true separation of two consecutive peak on a chromatogram is measured by resolution.

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  • 11 December 2012
    INDIAN PHARMA : RAISING BAROMETER OF SUCCESS BEYOND GENERICS

    About Authors:
    Ritul bapna
    LMC of science and technology,
    Jodhpur
    *bapnaritul89@gmail.com

    1. Introduction
    The principal law for patenting system in India is the Patents Act, 1970. Initially, according to the provisions of this law no product patent but only process patents could be granted for inventions relating to food, drugs and chemicals. However, since 2005 product patenting is allowed in India. India being a member country of World Trade Organization (WTO) signed TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement in laws to be followed by each of its member countries. India being a signatory of the TRIPS agreement was under a contractual obligation to amend its Patents law to make it compliant with the provisions of the agreement. The first amendment in this series was in the form of the Patents (Amendment) Act, 1999 to give a pipeline protection till the country starts giving product patents. It laid down the provisions for filing of applications for product patents in the field of drugs and agrochemicals with effect from 1st January1995 as mailbox applications and introduced the grant of Exclusive Marketing Rights (EMRs) on those patents. To comply with the second set of TRIPS obligations India further amended the Patents Act, 1970 by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002.Through this amendment provision of 20 years uniform term of patent for all categories of invention was introduced. The third set of amendments in the patent law was introduced as the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005. Through this amendment product patent regime was introduced in India. To implement its TRIPS obligations, India passed changes to its patent law in 2005 so that medicines could now be patented. However, the new law also contained the flexibilities. India has one of the best patent laws in the world in terms of giving some space to its producers to make generic medicines.

  • 10 December 2012
    X-ray APPLICATION

    About Authors:
    Nilesh Sovasia, Prof.Sanjeev Thacker, Arshad Hala
    Seth G.L.Bihani S.D.College Of Technical Education,
    Institute Of Pharmaceutical Science & Drug Research,
    Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
    *nilesh.sovasia@yahoo.com

    ABSTRACT
    X-rays have a smaller wavelength than visible light, they have higher energy. With their higher energy, X-rays can penetrate matter more easily than can visible light. Their ability to penetrate matter depends on the density of the matter, and thus X-rays provide a powerful tool in medicine for mapping internal structures of the human body.

  • 9 December 2012
    A REVIEW ON STUDENT t-TEST

    About Authors:
    Ram Chandra*, Abhimanyu, Dr. Ashutosh Aggarwal
    Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
    Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
    Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, INDIA
    *rcgedar@gmail.com

    1.        Introduction
    Biostatistics is contraction of biology and statistics, sometimes referred to as biometry or biometrics, is the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology. The science of biostatistics encompasses the design of biological experiments, especially in medicine and agriculture; the collection, summarization, and analysis of data from those experiments; and the interpretation of, and inference from, the results. Hypothesis testing determines the validity of the assumption with a view to choose between two conflicting hypotheses about the value of a population parameter. Hypothesis testing helps to decide on the basis of a sample data, whether a hypothesis about the population is likely to be true or false. Statisticians have developed several tests of hypotheses (also known as the tests of significance) for the purpose of testing of hypotheses which can be classified as:- (a) Parametric tests or standard tests of hypotheses, and (b) Non-parametric tests or distribution-free test of hypotheses. Parametric tests usually assume certain properties of the parent population from which we draw samples. Assumptions like observations come from a normal population, sample size is large, assumptions about the population parameters like mean, variance, etc., must hold good before parametric tests can be used. But there are situations when the researcher cannot or does not want to make such assumptions. In such situations we use statistical methods for testing hypotheses which are called non-parametric tests because such tests do not depend on any assumption about the parameters of the parent population. Besides, most non-parametric tests assume only nominal or ordinal data, whereas parametric tests require measurement equivalent to at least an interval scale. (Bolton Sanford 2004, Jakel James et.al. 2001)

  • 7 December 2012
    RECENT TRENDS IN ORAL DRUG DELIVERY: MOUTH DISSOLVING TABLETS

    About Authors:
    Soniya1*, Tarun Parashar1, Satyanand Tyagi2, Patel Chirag J3, Rishikesh Gupta4
    1*Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India-248002.
    2President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
    3Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
    4Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India-284128.
    *soniyarani487@gmail.com 08006939832/09999261031

    ABSTRACT:
    To obviate the problems associated with conventional dosage forms, mouth dissolving tablets have been developed having good hardness, dose uniformity, easy administration, faster disintegration without water and serves as the first choice of dosage form for pediatrics, geriatrics and traveling patients. Mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs) are also known as fast melting tablets, fast disintegrating tablets, fast dissolving/dispersing tablets or melt in mouth tablets.This article gives a brief review of mechanism of action, technologies used now a day for MDTs,Some of promising drug candidates for MDT and evaluation parameters MDTs.Due to wide significance of MDT, this drug delivery system may lead to better patient compliance and ultimate clinical output.

  • 7 December 2012
    H-NMR SPECTROSCOPY: AN INTRODUCTION

    About Authors:
    Arshad Hala*, Prof. Rajesh Dholpuria, Nilesh sovasia
    Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College Of Technical Education,
    Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research,
    Gaganpath, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan 335001
    *Arshad_hala@yahoo.com

    ABSTRACT:
    Over the past fifty years nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, commonly referred to as NMR, has become the preeminent technique for determining the structure of organic compounds. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical chemistry technique used in quality control and research for determining the content and purity of a sample as well as its molecular structure. For example, NMR can quantitatively analyze mixtures containing known compounds. For unknown compounds, NMR can either be used to match against spectral libraries or to infer the basic structure directly. Once the basic structure is known, NMR can be used to determine molecular conformation in solution as well as studying physical properties at the molecular level such as conformational exchange, phase changes, solubility, and diffusion.Of all the spectroscopic methods, it is the only one for which a complete analysis and interpretation of the entire spectrum is normally expected. Although larger amounts of sample are needed than for mass spectroscopy, NMR is non-destructive, and with modern instruments good data may be obtained from samples weighing less than a milligram. To be successful in using NMR as an analytical tool, it is necessary to understand the physical principles on which the methods are based.

  • 6 December 2012
    CLINICAL INDICATIONS OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS (HSP): A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW

    About Authors:
    Tarun Parashar1*, Soniya1, Satyanand Tyagi2, Patel Chirag J3, Rishikesh Gupta4, Ram Narayan Prajapati4
    1*Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India-248002.
    2President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
    3Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
    4Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India-284128.
    *parashar89tarun@gmail.com, +91-7838447014/08006939831

    ABSTRACT:
    Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a group of proteins the expression of which is increased when the cells are exposed to elevated temperatures. HSP are present in cells under normal conditions, but are expressed at high levels when exposed to sudden temperature jump or other stress. HSP stabilize proteins and are involved in the folding of denatured proteins. High temperatures and other stresses, such as altered pH and oxygen deprivation, make it more difficult for proteins to form their proper structures and cause some already structures protein to unfold. Left uncorrected, mis-folded proteins form aggregates that may eventually kill the cell. HSB are induced rapidly at highly levels to deal with this problem. HSP have wide clinical applications, they are not only useful as Cancervaccine adjuvant as well as anticancer therapeutics, and also they are useful in agricultural field. The aim of present article is to provide in depth knowledge about clinical indications of these proteins so called as “Heat Shock Proteins”.
    An attempt is also made to focus on functions, characteristics, types, qualities, clinical significance as well as brief description of Heatshock proteins.

  • 6 December 2012
    NATURALLY OCCURRING MYCOTOXINS – AFLATOXIN

    About Authors:
    Sahu Deepak*
    Ass. Professor, Geetanjali Institute of Pharmacy,
    Dabok, Udaipur [Rajasthan] – 313022
    deepak.sahu.bhl@gmail.com
    { DOWNLOAD AS PDF }

    Abstract:
    A toxin produced by mold that can damage the liver and may lead to liver cancer. Aflatoxins cause cancer in some animals. The fungi that produce aflatoxin grow on crops such as peanuts (especially) and wheat, corn, beans and rice. Aflatoxin is a problem particularly in undeveloped and developing countries.
    Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by two types of mold: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus is common and widespread in nature and is most often found when certain grains are grown under stressful conditions such as drought. The mold occurs in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration and invades all types of organic substrates whenever and wherever the conditions are favorable for its growth. Favorable conditions include high moisture content and high temperature. At least 13 different types of aflatoxin are produced in nature with aflatoxin B1 considered as the most toxic. While the presence of Aspergillus flavus does not always indicate harmful levels of aflatoxin it does mean that the potential for aflatoxin production is present.1,2,3

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