Pharma Analysis

Q.1. (c) Write a note on ATR and its application in specific cases.

Ans.1. (c)ATR: Internal reflection spectroscopy is a technique for obtaining IR spectra of samples that are difficult to deal with, such as solids of limited solubility, films, threads,pastes, adhesives, and powders. 

Q.1.(b) Cotton effect curves and octant rule, How would you relate stereo chemical features of a compound with them?

Ans.1. (b) Cotton Effect Curve

Q.1. (a)Define and exemplify chromophores. Discuss their interaction with UV- visible radiation and illustrate their use in structural analysis of organic compounds.

Ans.1. (a) CHROMOPHORE: The term chromophore was previously used to denote a functional group of some other structural feature of which gives a color to compound. For example- Nitro group is a chromophore because its presence in a compound gives yellow color to the compound. But these days the term chromophore is used in a much broader sense which may be defined as “any group which exhibit absorption of electromagnetic radiation in a visible or ultra-visible region “It may or may not impart any color to the compound. Some of the important chromophores are: ethylene, acetylene, carbonyls, acids, esters and nitrile groups etc. A carbonyl group is an important chromophore, although the absorption of light by an isolated group does not give rise to any colour in the ultra-violet spectroscopy.

Q.5. (c) Explain Electrophoresis, its principle and factors governing it
Ans.5.(c) Electrophoresis: is a technique used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules - especially proteins and nucleic acids - that differ in size, charge or conformation. As such, it is one of the most widely-used techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology.

Q.5. (c) Discuss the principle of separation.
Ans.5.(c) The separation of chemical components is performed using chromatographic technique. Chromatography is an analytical technique used for separating a mixture of chemical substances into its components so that these can be identified or analyzed.

Q.5. (b) Discuss the principle of GLC and its column configuration, detection system & stationary phases.
Ans.5.(b) Principle of GLC Gas chromatography is probably the most utilized of all the chromatographic techniques.

Q.5. (b) Write an exhaustive note on size exclusion chromatographic technique and its pharmaceutical applications

Q.5. (a) Discuss various pumping systems, columns & detectors in HPLC.  Ans.5. (a) pumping system in HPLC Analytical Pumps (Solvent Delivery System) The requirements for HPLC pumps are as follows: They must be able to generate high pressures, have a pulse free output, deliver flow rates ranging from 0.1 to 10 ml/min, have flow reproducibility’s of 0.5% relative or better and they must be resistant to corrosion by a variety of solvents. Various types of pumping systems are