Pharmacology Articles

25 July 2011

Prescription Monitoring of Antihypertensive Drug Utilization for Uncomplicated Hypertension Patients in a Tertiary Hospital: A Cross Sectional Study in the Inpatient Wards

About Authors: N. V. R. Praveen Kumar. T, Mohanta. G. P, Sudarshan. S# and Parimalakrishnan. S.
Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University,
Annamalai Nagar – 608002.Tamil Nadu, India.
# Department of Medicine, Rajah Muhtiah Medical College and Hospital, Annamalai University,
Annamalai Nagar – 608002.Tamil Nadu, India.

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1079

Abstract
Objective
The study was conducted to identify and evaluate the Prescription Monitoring of Antihypertensive Drug Utilization for Uncomplicated Hypertension Patients.

Methodology
This was a prospective observational study and was approved by IRB. The study was conducted in tertiary care teaching hospital, which is located at southern part of India having 1210 beds. Totally 1262 prescriptions were studied.

Results
Total distribution of patients with respect to age group showed that highest number of patients was found in the age group of 60-69 years (31.3%) and least was found between 20-29 years age group (1.1%). Majority of males in the study population (43.29%) were found to have both the habits of smoking and alcohol. Among concomitant diseases that were related to hypertension Coronary artery disease was highest (67.78%) and giddiness was least (1.7%). In case of diseases unrelated to hypertension Type II diabetes mellitus was observed as highest (38.7%) and acute gastroenteritis was recorded least (5.68%). Overall 43.5% patients were treated with single antihypertensive drug and 53.8% were treated with antihypertensive drug combinations.

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20 July 2011

Effect of Treatment of Prulifloxacin Induced Arthropathy in Young Rats

About Authors: Rekha. S^1*
^1*Department of Pharmacology, Mother Theresa Postgraduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences, Indira Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry 605 006.
Kavimani. S¹
¹Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Mother Theresa Postgraduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences, Puducherry.

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1069

Summary
Objective
The present study was undertaken to further evaluate the adverse effect potential of Prulifloxacin to induce arthropathy in rats with reference to its duration of treatment.

Methods
Groups of one month old young rats were administered Prulifloxacin intraperitonially 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses for 15 and 30 days respectively. Control group received normal saline. At the end of treatment
period, animals in each group were subjected to serum alkaline phosphatase estimation. The serum alkaline phosphatase assay was carried out by using alkaline phosphatase reagent kit.
28 May 2011

Analytical Method Development and Validation for Pre - Clinical Analysis

About Author: Kale Vishal Bibhishan
Department Of Pharmacy, School Of Chemical Engineering and Bio-Technology
SASTRA UNIVERSITY, Thanjavur-613402, Tamil Nadu, INDIA

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1064

Abstract
Pre-clinical phase is a laboratory test of a new drug on animal subjects, conducted together evidence justifying a clinical trial. For those drugs which are in clinical phase, method development requires various pre-clinical bioanalytical support parameters. Bioanalytical support plays a pivotal role in answering a series of questions concerning the toxicity, pharmacokinetic parameters, safety assessment, formulation optimization .Once method development process was initiated one should know the different techniques of sampling, handling, sample preparation methods that are suitable and problems in it. After sample preparation, suitable analytical techniques have to be selected for method development. The developed method now have to be validated, for this, Initially “Analytical Instrument Qualification” has to be performed which includes four main phases- Design qualification, Installation qualification, Operational qualification and Performance qualification. Method is said to be validated when all considered validation parameters like linearity, specificity, selectivity etc are within the limits. Thus the method is developed and validated for a drug in preclinical phase using analytical technique of suitable sensitivity and selectivity.
22 May 2011

PULSATILE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW

About Author: VIPUL P. PATEL1*, TUSHAR R. DESAI2, CHETAN R. MATHOLIYA, RAVI B. CHHAYANI
1. Assistant professor, Department of pharmaceutics,
R. K. College of Pharmacy, Kasturbadham,Rajkot.
2. Principal, Department of pharmacology,
R. K. College of Pharmacy, Kasturbadham,Rajkot.
3. Research Scholar, R. K. College of Pharmacy, Kasturbadham, Rajkot.

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1060

Abstract
Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems are gaining a lot of interest as they deliver the drug at the right place at the right time and in the right amount, thus providing spatial and temporal delivery and increasing patient compliance. These systems are designed according to the circadian rhythm of the body. The principle rationale for the use of pulsatile release of the drugs is where a constant drug release is not desired. A pulse has to be designed in such a way that a complete and rapid drug release is achieved after the lag time. Various systems like capsular systems, osmotic systems, single- and multiple-unit systems based on the use of soluble or erodible polymer coating and use of rupturable membranes have been dealt with in the article. It summarizes the latest technological developments, formulation parameters, and release profiles of these systems. These systems are beneficial for the drugs having chronopharmacological behavior where night time dosing is required, such as anti-arhythmic and anti-asthmatic. Current review article discussed the reasons for development of pulsatile drug delivery system, types of the disease in which pulsatile release is required, classification, advantages, limitation, and future aspects of pulsatile drug delivery system.
15 May 2011

ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL TESTING: A VANTAGE OVER ANIMAL MODELS

About Author: Tapan Behl*, Neha Chauhan, Harlokesh Narayan Yadav
Department of Pharmacology,
I.S.F. College of Pharmacy,
Moga - 142001, Punjab, India

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1063

Abstract
Animal testing had been in practice from the last many decades. Animal testing and experimentation leads to killing and cruelty of hundreds of thousands of animlas each year. Misconception is so much about the general public that the use of animals is considered mandatory for meeting the learning objectives. The existence of methods like In vitro pyrogen test, embryonic stem cell test, carcinogenicity test etc. has paved the good pathway for the usage of alternatives to animal experimentation. Alternatives to animal experiments can only be put into practice by the general awareness of the public about the animal welfare, the tediousness of the animal methods, and the expensive and time consuming nature of these methods. In this review a various alternative testing methods are discussed so that pavement should be directed into a meaningful research, healing and protection and is mandatory for restoring faith and respect in medical profession. This review will provide an insight on the various alternatives to animal experimentation so that a path can be lighted which would be terror free and without dragging the animal to a life of horror and unbearable pain.

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14 May 2011

An Emerging Complication of P. Vivax Malaria with Comparison of P. Falciparum Malaria

About Author: Dr.Ravindra Kembhavi, Asso. Professor PSM Department,
KEM hospital, Parel, Mumbai
Dr.Mahesh Ghadage, M.Sc pharmaceutical 2^nd year student,
KEM hospital, Parel, Mumbai

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1057

Abstract
Severe or complicated P. vivax malaria seldom results in pulmonary damage, and pulmonary complications are exceedingly rare while acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), hypoglycemia, coma, or epileptic seizures this are manifestations of severe or complicated P. falciparum malaria.
11 May 2011

EFFECT OF TECTONA GRANDIS STEM EXTRACT ON ESTRADIOL BENZOATE INJECTED UTERUS OF FEMALE ALBINO WISTAR RATS

About Author: Deepali Jaybhaye, Sushilkumar Varma, Amol Gite
Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Hospital,
Aurangabad, Maharashtra – 431001, India.
Vijay Bonde
Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences,
Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra – 402102, India.

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1052

Abstract
Tectona Grandis linn. is one of the well known Indian herbs. In Ayurveda Tectona grandis stem extract has tocolytic effect. The main syndrome of preterm birth is caused by uterus contractions from excitatory factors. Administration of tocolytic agents is a strategy to prevent the occurrence of preterm births. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Tectona grandis stem extract on the contractions of uterine strips isolated from non?pregnant female Wistar rats (250~350 g) prior injected (Before 24 Hrs) Estradiol benzoate. Contractions of the uterus were induced with Oxytocin 0.01 IU. The results compared with stander drugs like Magnesium Sulfate (75 mg), Nifedipine (0.18 mg), and Isoxsuprine (0.18 mg) along with their effect on frog blood vessels, rat and frog heart, skeletal muscle. After seeing these effects we conclude that Tectona grandis stem extract possess the same tocolytic effect as that of standard drugs.
9 May 2011

A Review on Conduct and Analysis of Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies

About Author: 1. Shah Dhaval D., M.Pharm-II Semester, Quality Assurance Department, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Jaipur, India
2. Sharma Anil, M.Pharm, H.O.D. Quality Assurance Department, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Jaipur, India

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1050

Abstract
Generic pharmaceutical products need to confirm to the same standard of quality, efficacy and safety as required of the originator’s (innovator) product. Spefically, the generic product should be therapeutically equivalent and interchangable with the reference product. Testing the bioequivalence between a test product pharmacetically equivalent or a pharmaceutical alternative and a suitable reference product in a pharmacokinetic study with a limited no of subjects is one way of demonstrating therapeutic equivalence. Generic drug applications are termed “abbreviated” because they are generally not required to include preclinical and clinical data to establish safety and effectiveness. This article provides the information about important aspect involved in bioequivalence and regulatory requirment for bioequivalence study.
7 May 2011

Assets of Pharmacovigilance, Its Necessity and Future in INDIA in coming five years.

About Authors: Mrugank BP¹, Mangala L², Hareesha RP³
Department(s) and institution(s)
1. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Department of Pharmacy Practice, M.Pharm (Student)
2. Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Department of Pharmacology, Prof and Head; Chief academic co-ordinator, NIPER-Ghy.
3. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Department of Pharmacy Practice, M.Pharm (Student)

Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1048

Abstract:
Background: "Pharmacovigilance is the science and activity relating the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug - related problems." ^[1]

Literature:Periodic safety update reports (PSUR)^[2]and Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA)^[3]are two important assets for maintenance of Drug safety Pharmacovigilancesystem as they are designed to represent the safety data on a particular drug from all the sources and geographical regions in the worldand to understand internationally, accepted clinically validated medical terminology for medical coding respectively.
4 May 2011

THE ROLE OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN COPD

Abour Author: Kesinath Kotha*1, Varun Raj Vemula2, Rupesh Kotte3
1. Department of Pharmacy Practice, St Peters institute of pharmaceutical sciences, Warangal, A.P
2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vikas College of Pharmacy, Warangal, A.P.
3. SRR college of pharmaceutical sciences, Karimnagar, A.P.

ABSTRACT
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is chronic obstruction of the flow of air through the airways and out of the lungs, and the obstruction generally is permanent and may be progressive over time. According to WHO in India, a study collecting data without spirometry assessment suggested that 12 million people were affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Recent studies show a prevalence of respiratory symptoms in 6%–7% of non-smokers and up to 14% of smokers. In a recent study in southern India, the prevalence rate of COPD in adults was around 7%. COPD is the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. and the economic burden of COPD in the U.S. in 2007 was $42.6 billion in health care costs and lost productivity.
In view of its importance, the use of corticosteroids in treatment & management of COPD in acute & chronic conditions has been discussed along with emphasis on recent research trends. Use of corticosteroids & different combination products in the treatment of COPD along with their uses and side effects are presented.