Pharmacology Articles

7 October 2012

A PROSPECTIVE AND COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF THE ESCITALOPRAM AND CITALOPRAM IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER PATIENTS

About Authors:
*Anton Vinoth.T , Prof .K. Nagarajan , Mr. Manikandan
Department of Pharmacy practice, K.M College of Pharmacy,
Madurai, Tamilnadu
*vinoth.anton@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Mood disorders (affective disorders) are among the most common mental disorders encountered in clinical practice and divided into bipolar disorders and depressive disorders. The essential feature of these disorders is a major disturbance in mood. Depression is common, affecting about 121 million people world wide. At its worst depression can lead to suicide, a tragic fatality associated with the loss of about 85000 lives every year. By the year 2020, depression is projected to reach the second Major depression is among the most common mental disorders encountered in clinical practice. The problems associated with depression can become chronic or recurrent and lead to substantial impairment in an individual’s ability to take care of his or her everyday responsibilities. At its worst depression can lead to suicide, a tragic fatality associated with the loss of a large number of lives every year. Depression is the leading cause of disability as measured by YLDs and the leading contributor to the global burden of diseases (DALYs) in 2000.

The present study is done as it is the role of a clinical pharmacist to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the drugs acting through specific antidepressant mechanisms and to assess the possibility of matching patient symptom profile with antidepressant mechanism to achieve more rapid response or greater efficacy.

The aim of the study is tocompare the efficacy of Citalopram and Escitalopram in the Major Depressive Disorder Patients during the first 8 weeks (acute phase) of treatment.
4 October 2012

A REVIEW ON ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE WITH THEIR NEUROLOGICAL PATHWAYS PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS & DRUG TREATMENT ON THEIR TARGET SITE

About Authors:
Ajay Kumar^*1, Dr. Bharat Prashar², Robin Sharma¹
¹M. Pharm (Pharmacology)
²Head of Pharmacy Department
Manav Bharti University, Solan.
*ajaykumarsharma423@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, primarily manifesting as a loss of memory in old aged people. In this disease the destruction of neurons in the cortex and limbic structures of the CNS occurs, particularly in basal forebrain, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebral cortex. These areas are associated with functions of higher learning, memory, reasoning, behaviour, identification, an emotional control in brain. Alzheimer's disease is a devastating disease whose recent increase in incidence rates has broad implications for rising health care costs. Clinically, patients initially present with short-term memory loss, subsequently followed by executive dysfunction, confusion, agitation, and behavioural disturbances. This review comprises aspects of the introduction, history, types, etiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms of neurological pathways of Alzheimer’s disease and the drug treatments and their target site.
1 October 2012

EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ISAPGOL AGAINST DIET INDUCED UROLITHIASIS IN RATS.

About Authors:
*SOUMYA G., SRINIVAS S., NAVEEN KUMAR M., KRISHNA MOHAN C.
Department of Pharmacology,
St. John College of Pharmacy, Warangal,
Andhra Pradesh, India-5067371.
*sre_varma123@yahoo.co.in

Introducion:
Kidney stone formation or urolithiasis is a complex process that is a consequence of an imbalance between promoters and inhibitors in the kidneys. Even though the technological developments in the present medical practice the formation and growth of renal calculi continues to afflict humankind. Though various kinds of stone have been identified, calcium stones are the most common in human as well as rats. The rat experimental models of Calcium oxalate urolithiasis, induced by ethylene glycol alone, or in combination with other drugs such as ammonium chloride are often used to study the pathogenesis of kidney crystal deposition. The urolithiasis was induced by administration of gentamycin and calculi producing diet (5% ammonium oxalate in standard rat pellet feed) for 28 days to rats’ results in hyperoxaluria, Calcium oxalate crystalluria, and occasional deposition of CaOx crystals in the kidney.
30 September 2012

STEM CELLS AND PEPTIDES TO BRAIN VIA INTRASNASAL ROUTE

About Authors:
Ms.Pratibha Chohan*, Mr.Prashant Mutha
B.Pharmacy, G. D. Memorial College of Pharmacy, Jodhpur.
*pmuthabiotech@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Brain is tightly segregated from the circulating blood by a unique membranous barrier, the blood – brain barrier (BBB). Many pharmaceuticals cannot be efficiently delivered to, or sustained within the brain; hence they are ineffective in treating a plethora of cerebral diseases. Therefore, drug delivery methods that can provide drug delivery to brain or eventually preferential brain delivery (i.e. brain targeting) are of particular interest. One technique that holds promise for bypassing the BBB to deliver drugs to the brain and eliminating the surgical risk and the spillover effect of drug to normal tissue is the intranasal delivery.

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26 September 2012

INCIDENCE AND PREVENTION OF POSTOPERATIVE ADHESIONS

About Authors:
¹Robin Sharma*, ¹Ajay Kumar, ²Dr. Bharat Prashar
¹M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
²Head of Pharmacy Department
Manav Bharti University, Solan.
*sharmarobin@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT
Postoperative adhesions are a significant health problem with major implications on quality of life, health care and expenses on treatment. The purpose of this review was to investigate the incidence of post operative adhesions and the treatment measures such as efficacy of preventative techniques and adhesion barriers. The National Library of Medicine, Medline and A-Z databases were used to identify articles related to postoperative adhesions. Ileal pouch–anal anastomosis, open colectomy, and open gynecologic procedures are associated with the highest risk of adhesive small-bowel obstruction (class I evidence). Based on expert opinion (class III evidence) intraoperative preventative principles, such as meticulous haemostasis, avoiding excessive tissue dissection and ischemia, and reducing remaining surgical material such as powdered gloves have been published. Laparoscopic techniques, result in fewer adhesions than laparotomy techniques (class I evidence). Available bioabsorbable barriers, such as hyaluronic acid/carboxymethylcellulose, have been shown to reduce adhesions (class I evidence). Postoperative adhesions are a significant health problem after the surgery. General intraoperative preventative techniques, laparoscopic techniques, and the use of bioabsorbable mechanical barriers in the appropriate cases reduce the incidence and severity of peritoneal adhesions and post operative adhesions.

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23 September 2012

AIDS AND ITS TREATMENTS

About Authors:
Sweet Naskar*, Sanjit Kr. Roy, Ketousetuo Kuotsu
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Jadavpur University,
Kolkata – 700032,
West Bengal, India.
*sn62525@gmail.com

Abstract
The aim of the present investigation is to know about AIDS and its treatments. Various treatments for AIDS are described here.AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding etc. As of 2009, AVERT estimated that there are 33.3 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, with 2.6 million new HIV infections per year and 1.8 million annual deaths due to AIDS. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) continues to have a favourable impact on disease progression and mortality in settings where it is available to people living with HIV.

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18 September 2012

NEWER ANTILEPTICS- NECESSITY OF LIMITED DOSAGE

About Authors:
A.Prameela Rani¹, V.Hema^2*
¹University college of pharmaceutical sciences,
Acharya nagarjuna University, Guntur.
^2*KVSR Siddhartha college of pharmaceutical sciences, Vijayawada.
*hemav_pharma@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Epilepsy is a disorder of CNS characterized by paroxysmal cerebral dysrhytmia, manifesting as brief episodes of loss or disturbance of consciousness with or without characteristic body movements, sensory or psychiatric phenomenon.
Some drugs such as felbamate, oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, zonisamide, topiramate and pregabalin before consumption their dose and dosage should be checked. All the drugs should be adjusted surely for their dosage especially in renal impairment patients. The present review is on serious effects due to overdosage of various newer anticonvulsants.
11 September 2012

GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE: A DRUG TARGET IN TREATMENT OF CNS DISORDER

About Authors:
Najneen S. Shaikh^1*, Mr. MAYURESH. K. RAUT²
¹Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (SIPS), Lonavala
²Asst. Professor Of Phamaceutical Chemistry
Sinhgad Technical Education Society,
Kusgaon (Bk), Lonavala- 410401
*naj.pharma.23@gmail.com

ABTRACT
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase, that mediates the addition of phosphate molecules on certain serine and threonine amino acids in particular cellular substrates.
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) has recently been linked to mood disorders and schizophrenia, and the neurotransmitter systems and therapeutic treatments associated with these diseases. GSK3 is a widely influential enzyme that is capable of phosphorylating, and thereby regulating, over forty known substrates. Four mechanisms regulating GSK3 (phosphorylation, protein complexes, localization, and substrate phosphorylation) combine to provide substrate-specific regulation of the actions of GSK3. Several intracellular signaling cascades converge on GSK3 to modulate its activity, and several neurotransmitter systems also regulate GSK3, including serotonergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic systems. Because of changes in these neurotransmitter systems and the actions of therapeutic drugs, GSK3 has been linked to the mood disorders, bipolar disorder and depression, and to schizophrenia.

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10 September 2012

ARTHRITIS IS THE NAME GIVEN FOR PAINFUL JOINT DISEASES

About Author:
Kapil Sharma
Yaresun Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd., India.
pharma_kapil@rediffmail.com

Introduction:
Arthritis is the name given for painful joint diseases. Arthritis one of the most common health problems in india. Arthritis also is the leading cause of disability. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronicinflammatory condition of the connective tissues throughout the body, but especially around the joints. The main sign of RA is often stiff, painful, and swollen joints. Areas of typical complaint include the hands, feet, wrists, ankles, and knees. Depending on the severity of the condition, these areas may eventually become deformed. The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis remains, largely, unknown. It has been theorized that a number of genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the disease process, and may include genetics, poor nutrition, lifestyle, chronic stress in rheumatoid arthritis, the joint lining, or synovial membrane, becomes inflamed and the joints become stiff and swollen. The synovial membrane secretes a slippery fluid that covers the cartilage-covered joints and reduces the friction between adjacent joints.The chronic inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis eventually leads to destruction of the cartilage covering the ends of the joints and underlying bone. In many cases this damage causes joint deformity.
6 September 2012

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF AMARANTHUS SPINOSUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY

About Authors:
SAMRAT BOSE^*, SUCHARITA ROY
Department of Pharmacology
Bengal School of Technology,
Chuchura, West Bengal.
*samratbose09@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Amaranthus spinosus, commonly known as the spiny amaranth, prickly amaranth or thorny amaranth, belonging to family Amaranthaceae. Tradionally A.spinosus used as diuretic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, anti-snake venom, anti-leprotic and anti-gonorrheal, anti helmintic, anti androgenic etc^[1]. The aim of present study was to investigate the antipyretic activity of MeOH-Water extract of Amaranthus spinosus in rats. MeOH-Water extract was administered at a dose of 100mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg through ip.