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  • Express Test and Nanovision Scan of Fiberglass Using a Nanoindenter

    About Authors:
    *Kaumudi Singh, Shrishti Saroha
    IIMT, Uttar Pradesh, India
    *kaumudisingh.info@gmail.com

    Abstract
    In this research work we actually try to determine elastic modulous and hardness of a fiberglass of a car .this is done by AFM-like scan and in this thermoplastic has shown elastic modulous 7.40 and hardness 0.43 and fiberglass shows 76.69 and hardness 7.90. In this article we concluded that fibre glass is more beneficial than thermoplastic,hence fiberglass are good for tranportation  of pharmaceuticles as I concluded.also as fibreglass is made up of glass it is inert with active ingredients also.

  • EVALUATION OF THE ASSOCIATION OF rs8052394 OF METALOTHIONEIN-1A GENE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN NEPALESE POPULATION

    About Authors:
    Bishal Khatiwada1,2, Binita Dhakal1,2, Surya Prasad Sharma1,2, Uddhav Timilsina1
    1. Department of Biotechnology,
    College for Professional Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
    2. Department of Biotechnology,
    Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
    *
    suryapdsharma@gmail.com

    Reference Id: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1310

    INTRODUCTION
    Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which person is characterized by the high blood sugar either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not use the insulin that is produced.[1] The classical symptoms of diabetes are polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).[2] Almost one in 10 of the world population already has this condition, or can be expected to develop it during their lifetime, with prevalence rates forecast to double within the next 15 years.[3] According to WHO(2000A.D.), at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population.[4]

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  • NEW ERA OF OCULAR THERAPY

    About Authors:
    Richa Thakur*, Gaurav Swami, M.S. Rathore, A.K. Sharma
    CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
    Jalandhar, Punjab, India

    *thakur.richa89@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT
    The anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of the eye render this organ exquisitely impervious to foreign substances. The main challenge to the formulator is to circumvent the protective barriers of the eye without causing permanent tissue damage. The newly developed particulate and vesicular systems like liposomes, pharmacosomes and discosomes are useful in delivering the drug for a longer extent and helpful in reaching the systemic circulation. The most recent advancements of the ocular delivery systems provide the delivery of the genes and proteins to the internal structures which were once inaccessible and thus are of great importance in treating the diseases which are caused due to genetic mutation, failure in normal homeostasis, malignancy but also maintaining the physiological function of eye. The review focuses on the developments achieved in this mode of delivery of the drugs along with the pros and cons associated with greater focus on the advanced delivery systems.

  • AN OVERVIEW ON PRECLINICAL EVALUATION TECHNIQUES OF NOOTROPIC AGENTS

    ABOUT AUTHORS:
    Renu Singh*, Saumya Das, Sanjita Das
    Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, NIET,
    Greater Noida, U.P., 201306.

    *renusingh2910@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT
    Cognitive deficits have long been recognized as severe and consistent neurological disorders associated with numerous psychiatric and neurodegenerative states such as Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia is one of the age-related mental problems, and a characteristic symptom of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegerative disorder which affects older individuals and may progress to a totally vegetative state. Atrophy of cortical and sub-cortical areas is associated with deposition of β-amyloid protein in the form of senile plaques and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. There is marked cholinergic deficiency in the brain, though other neurotransmitter systems are also affected. Various measures to augement cholinergic transmitter in the brain have been tried. The relatively cerebroselective anti-ChEs have been approved for clinical use. Nootropic agents are clinically used in situations where there is organic disorder in learning abilities and for improving memory, mood and behavior, but the resulting side-effects associated with these agents have made their utility limited. Many experimental models are currently available for the evaluation of agents that affect learning and memory processes. In-vitro methods inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity is measured by determining IC50 with the help of Log probit analysis. In ex-vivo cholinesterase inhibition method the dose response relationship determined for drugs such as physostigmine and tacrine Agents which are H3 receptor agonist are evaluated for [3H] Ach release activity in rat using rat brain slices. The binding affinity of potential nicotinic cholinergic agonist in brain using agonist ligand is determined by [3H]-N- methyl carbamylcholine binding nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rat frontal cortex. In In-vivo methods the inhibitory passive avoidance the test are carried on animals to test the learning and memory capacity of animal by suppressing a particular behavior. It includes step down, step through, two compartment test, up-hill avoidance, scopolamine induced test, and ischemia induced amnesia, memory impairments in basal forebrain. In active avoidance conditioned stimulus is given to the animal, which gives noxious stimulus as a result. It includes runway avoidance, shuttle box avoidance, jumping avoidance. In discrimination learning animals have no choice between the conditioned stimuli. Studies on aged monkeys provides additional advantage for neurobehavioral animal model of aging in that many of behavioral processes thought to be affected by aging.

  • Development of validated spectrophotometric method for routine analysis of an Ayurvedic formulation, Pancasama Churna

    About Authors:
    Megha Sharma,
    M.Pharma (quality assurance)
    Shoolini university of life sciences,
    Bhajol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh.
    *
    meghu35@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT:
    Traditional medicine, especially ayurveda, is gaining tremendous popularity in modern times due to several reasons. Though, there is still a lack of scientific tests to evaluate the quality, quantity, potency, safety and efficacy of ayurvedic formulations. Need of the hour is to develop simple routine analysis methods to eliminate the problems faced by both practitioners and patients due to sub standard medicines.[4]

  • A STUDY ON COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN EARLY STAGE OF DIABETES

    About Author:
    Hiren Sakhiya,
    M.Sc in Clinical Research Management,
    Prist University, Thanjavur,

    India
    *sakhiyahiren@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT
    Diabetes a chronic (lifelong) disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood. Diabetes is a common disease in older age, affecting about one in five individuals. In 2000, according to the World Health Organization, at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is estimated that by 2030, this number will almost double. Diabetes is also associated with mortality and significant morbidity, including neurological disability. Diabetes affects both peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. Neuropathy along with retinopathy and nephropathy appears in late stage of diabetes but effect on cognition starts in early stage of diabetes. Although the effects of diabetes on the peripheral nervous system are well established, the effects of diabetes on the central nervous system have been less clear. Several studies have found that diabetes is related to dementia and cognitive function. It is unclear in which stage of diabetes the cognitive decrements become manifest and how they progress over time. Study is conducted to confirm the association of cognitive function with diabetes.

  • A COMPLETE REVIEW ON: EFFLUENT TESTING AND TREATMENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

    About Authors:
    Shashi Kant*,  Dr. Bharat Prashar
    Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
    Manav Bharti University,
    Solan (H.P)

    *shashi_ranaute@yahoo.in

    ABSTRACT:
    In this review article, we discussed abouteffluent testing and treatment in pharmaceutical industry,Biological treatment of wastewater is frequently the most beneficial method for selecting various toxic compounds from the environment. Most of the organic compounds in industrial wastewaters are of natural origin and can be degraded by common bacteria in aerobic or anaerobic processes. The composition of these wastewaters is very variable. A great variety of organic chemicals can be determined among the principal components of these types of wastewaters. Antibiotics are the major group of pharmaceuticals. Among all the other pharmaceutical drugs and substances, antibiotics are important compounds due to its serious irreversible increase the release to the environment[1][2][3][4][5]

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  • FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES OF CHITOSAN LOADED WITH RAMIPRIL

    About Authors:
    Yamini Pendyala*, Sudha Talasila, M.sulthana
    Department of Pharmaceutics,
    Padmavathi College of Pharmacy and Research Institute,
    Periyanahalli, Tamilnadu.

    *Yamini.pendyala45@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT
    The purpose of this research was to formulate and systemically evaluate in-vitro and in-vivo performances of mucoadhesive Ramipril microspheres for its potential use in the treatment of hypertension, myocardial infraction. Ramipril mucoadhesive microspheres, containing chitosan as mucoadhesive polymer and ethyl cellulose as carrier polymer, were prepared by an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. Preformulation studies were carried out before formulation design. Total seven formulations were prepared.Microspheres were discrete, spherical, free-flowing and showed a good percentage of drug entrapment efficiency. An in-vitro wash off test showed that Ramipril mucoadhesive microspheres adhered more strongly to the gastric mucous layer and could be retained in the gastrointestinal tract for an extended period of time. In-vitro dissolution test was carried out by using phosphate buffer pH 6.8. All the formulations showed good dissolution profiles. Among all the formulation F5 showed good dissolution profile with 81.0% of drug release in 12 hours. In-vitro release kinetic data of Ramipril microspheres showed that the drug release mechanism was diffusion controlled as the plots of Higuichi model was linear. All formulations exhibited Non-Fickian diffusion (n value is in between 0.5 to 1) mechanism. Stability studies were done for the selected formulation indicates that there is no change in drug content of the formulation.The results showed a sustained anti-hypertensive effect over a longer period of time in case of mucoadhesive microspheres, compared to the powder. In conclusion, the prolonged gastrointestinal residence time and slow release of Ramipril resulting from the mucoadhesive microspheres, could contribute to the provision of a sustained anti-hypertensive effect.

  • FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SUBLINGUAL TABLETS OF NIFEDIPINE

    About Authors:
    *DINESH BABU GOTTIPATI1, SREE DEVI ANANDHAM1, NANNAPANENI VENKATA BALAKRISHNA RAO2.
    1 Department of pharmaceutics, M.E.S.college of pharmacy, Aradeshally gate, Bangalore -562110,India.
    2 Research and Development Department, Natco Pharma Limited, Kothur.
    *babu.dinesh89@live.in

    ABSTRACT:
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing nifedipine on the characteristics of fast-disintegrating sublingual tablets for the potential emergency treatment of anginal pain and hypertension. Nifedipine undergoes first pass metabolism in liver and gut wall which has oral bioavailability of 43-77%. Sublingual dosage form bypasses the metabolism of the nifedipine in liver and offers a fast relieve from anginal pain and hypertension. An attempt has been made to prepare fast dissolving tablets of nifedipine were prepared by wet granulation technique using Crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium (CCS) as super disintegrants as super disintegrants, Flavor and sweetener impart the taste to the formulation. The porous granules were compressed in to tablets by 8mm punch rotary tablet machine. All the formulations were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, content uniformity, wetting time, and disintegration time and dissolution rate. Among the formulations, F9 one containing to be the best acceptable in terms of palatability, fast dissolving tablet having adequate strength. The disintegration time was found to be 56 ± 0.4 seconds, hardness of 4.6 ± g /cm2, wetting time of 31sec   and drug release of 99.85 % in 9 mins. All the formulations showed low weight variation. The present study demonstrated potentials for rapid absorption, improved bioavailability, effective therapy and patient compliance.

  • TOPOISOMERASE

    About Authors:
    B. A. Baviskar1, S. S. Khadabadi2, S. L. Deore1*, R. P.Marathe1

    1Government College of Pharmacy, Kathora Naka,
    Amravati – 444604, MS, INDIA.
    2Government College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad Opp. Govt. Polytechnic, Osmanpura,  Aurangabad-431005,
    Maharashtra INDIA

    *sharudeore_2@yahoo.com

    Abstract: Topoisomerase is an enzyme that alters/regulates the super coiling of double-stranded DNA by transiently cutting one or both strands of the DNA and hence important target for anticancer activity. The present review articles is focusing a light on points like What is topoisomerase, its types, mode of action of cancer inhibition, Top-I targeted anticancer drugs, Top-II targeted anticancer drugs and Topoisomerase Cellular resistance.

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