University of Bedfordshire

12 March 2014

TO REVIEW THE PATHOGENESIS, TRADITIONAL TREATMENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTIONS

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About Authors:
Muhammad Asim Javaid*, Emanual Michael Patelia, Annamaria Gal, Muhammad Saleem Qureshi
University of Bedfordshire,
Park Square Campus, Luton, LU1 3JU.
asimtarar@gmail.com

Abstract:
The HIV infection has a major role in the human immunodeficiency syndrome. According to the literature review, the main factor is the reduction of CD4 cells and increment in the growth of B-cells with hypergammaglobulinamia. The HIV has the external glycoprotein-120(gp120) and the trans-membrane protein (gp41) which is attached with the CD4 receptors and one or both chemokine receptors (CCR5, CXCR4) on the surface of the host cell. Before selecting the suitable regimens, resistance testing, efficacy against virus, tolerability, dosing frequency, pill burden, drug interactions and patient preferences must be considered. Initially the combination of 2nRTIs along with third suitable member from any other class may be considered as a suitable treatment. A number of drug classes have been proved effective in the treatment of HIV infections; they are nucleoside nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, protease inhibitors and entry inhibitors.
4 March 2014

IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL SPECIES BY COMBINED BIOINFORMATIC AND POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

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About Authors:
Emanual Michael Patelia, Bushra Ahmed, Muhammad Javaid, Jayesh Patel, Rakesh Thakur, Mishra Trinath
Department of Pharmacology, University of Bedfordshire, England,
United Kingdom, LU1 3JU
ricky.emanual@gmail.com

Abstract
The identification will be carried out by comparing a potential PCR product obtained from an unknown species with other PCR products specific to 5 known species, using the same five set of pairs of primers specific of these five species respectively. This implies that each PCR product obtained for each species has to be specific to each species and can be considered as a marker in this exercise. This specificity will be based on the uniqueness of the chosen template that is to be used for each PCR. In addition, since the PCR products will not be sequenced, they will be differentiated by their size, which will be identified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR product can only be used as a marker that defines a species if the amplified sequence is unique to this species. Therefore, the first step in this exercise will be to identify a suitable sequence to amplify for each species. Following the identification of a suitable template, the size of the PCR will have to be defined; since the comparative analysis will be based not only on the presence of a product but also its size, all PCR products should have different sizes identifiable on agarose gel. Since the size of a PCR product is defined by the location of primers along the sequence, the second step in this exercise will be to design suitable primers. Finally, having defined specific template and primers for each species, PCR will be carried out using the DNA of unknown species as a template with all five sets of primers so that a successful PCR product and its size would identify the unknown species as one of the five species.
14 February 2014

SEX DETERMINATION USING THE ADVANCED OMIC TECHNIQUES: POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND SDS PAGE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

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About Authors:
Emanual Michael Patelia*, Emma Spiking
Department of Pharmacology,
University of Bedfordshire, England,
United Kingdom, LU1 3JU
ricky.emanual@gmail.com

Abstract:
The polymerase chain reaction is widely used technique for the amplification of target nucleotides for the gene of interest. Amplification of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome by PCR and the identification by electrophoresis has a major role in sex determination. In the proposed method, the house keeping primer glyceraldehydes phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a marker of both total and DNA and mitochondrial RNA and SRY gene should be used for the identification of the unknown samples. In the SDS PAGE gel electrophoresis, two bands are noticeable; first band at 218 bp for GAPDH and second band at 741 bp for SRY gene. The sex chromosomes has a important role in the etiology of normal sexual development. Biopotential gonal needs two chromosomes to the development of ovary. The existence of SRY gene located on the Y chromosome, a testis is developed. The sex ambiguity can be developed by the discodance between chromosomal sex and appearance of the external genitalies.
24 December 2013

ROLE OF NMDA RECEPTORS IN BRAIN FUNCTIONS

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About Authors:
Emanual michael patelia*, Jigneshkumar Patel, Jayesh Patel, Rakesh Thakur, Zheying Zhu, Annamaria Gal, Emma Spiking, Bhavik Virani. Kaith.
University of Bedfordshire, England,
United Kingdom, LU1 3JU
ricky.emanual@gmail.com

Abstract:
There were the lots of expriements done on the NMDA (Ar-Mthyl-D-Aspartate) receptors. The general property of this kind of receptors is their complex and morphological structure. the larger structure like interconnections with the help of gap junctions and the expression of the potassium ion channels allows the K+ ions to transfer through channels and for this reason the homeostasis in the CNS is maintained. The cells like astrocytes are completely responsible for the maintainance of homeostasis in the CNS. Astrocytes contains AMPA and NMDA receptors are also responsible for Ca+2- dependent glutamate release. AMPA or NMDA receptors may produce the damage towards the oligodentrocytes with the help of Ca+2 dependent pathway. Moreover, the receptor studies regarding polydentrocytes having extensive proliferative behavior can able to convert into oligodentrocytes or astrocytes by changing their phenotype With the help of immunochemistry, by contiet et al; showed the presence of the glial fibrilliary acidic protein and get the point that the rat who was deficient in astrocytes have had the mRNA transcripts for GluN1 subunit.
12 June 2013

DETERMINATION OF HER2 STATUS IN ER POSITIVE HUMAN BREAST CANCER

About Authors:
Emanual Michael Patelia*, Kunal Patel, Mikul Patel
Department of Pharmacology,
University of Bedfordshire,
Luton, LU1 3JU, England.
*ricky.emanual@gmail.com

Abstract:
According to the method (BCA), it is used for the quantitative analysis of proteins. It is used for the determination of unknown sample of protein. The sds-page is used for the identification of proteins though the separation. According to the gel image the sample of protein is ER-α and HER positive. So, the person needs the therapy for ER-α and HER positive breast cancer. The amino-terminal region was consistently detected in the cell nucleus by specific immunohistochemistry leading to the concept of a potential intranuclear association between ER cleavage products and/or other regulatory proteins. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) belongs to the family of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). The availability of specific antibody-based test systems is essential to testing of HER2 protein expression.

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University of Bedfordshire

TO REVIEW THE PATHOGENESIS, TRADITIONAL TREATMENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTIONS

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