About Author: Rahul Sharma (M.Pharm - Pharmaceutics)
Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Sirsa, Haryana (India)

Abstract:
Bioanalysis, employed for the quantitative determination of drugs and their metabolites in biological fluids, plays a significant role in the evaluation and interpretation of bioequivalence, pharmacokinetic (PK), and toxicokinetic studies. The quality of these studies, which are often used to support regulatory filings, is directly related to the quality of the underlying bioanalytical data ⁽¹⁾.  It is essential to employ well-characterized and fully validated analytical methods to yield reliable results which can be satisfactorily interpreted as well as to emphasize that each analytical technique has its own characteristics, which will vary from analyte to analyte ⁽²⁾.

About Author: *Ghadage Ratnadeep V., Shah Vishal V., Bapat Bhushan A., Shirote Pramod J.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Appasaheb Birnale College of Pharmacy,
South Shivaji Nagar, Sangli, Maharashtra, India - 416 416

Abstract:
Quinoxaline and its derivatives are an important class of benzoheterocycles displaying a broad spectrum of biological activities which have made them privileged structures in pharmacologically active compounds.Quinoxaline also called benzopyrazine it has been considered as a wonder nucleus which posses almost all types of biological activities. This diversity in the biological response profile has attracted the attention of many researchers to explore this skeleton to its multiple potential against several activities. They are clinically effective as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-tubercular and antineoplastic agents. Interestingly, it also shows anti-HIV and anti-proliferative activity. Modification in their structure has offered a high degree of diversity that has proven useful for the development of new therapeutic agents having improved potency and lesser toxicity. Considering the extensive research on quinoxaline in the past, it was essential to review the wide spectrum of biological activity of quinoxalines. To conclude, this review will be beneficial for new drug discovery of quinoxaline moiety. Present article is sincere attempt to review wide range of biological activities of quinoxline moiety  given by researcher.

About Author: Binit V. Patel1*, D. S. Patel2
1. Sri Satya Sai College of Pharmacy - Sehore
2. Shree Leuva Patel Trust Pharmacy Mahila College – Amreli

Metoprolol tartrate is a selective β1 adrenergic antagonist. It lacks interensic sympathomimetic activity and to have little or no membrane stabilizing activity and is widely used to treat essential hypertension. It completely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract but is subjected to considerable first pass metabolism and half life is 3 to 4 hr.

The objective for the designing mucoadhesive microspehere is to release the drug over extended period of time in order to avoid first pass metabolism for improving in bioavailability and improve patient compliance.

Maharshi Dayanand University, ab initio established as Rohtak University, Rohtak, came into existence by an Act No. 25 of 1975 of the Haryana Legislative Assembly in 1976  with the objective to promote inter-disciplinary higher education and research in the fields of environmental, ecological and life sciences.

About Author: Amarjeet Singh¹, Dharmendra Kumar², Jatin Sharma², Dr. H. S. Lamba³
1. Subharamania Bharti College Of Science& Technology, Board of Technical Education, Delhi
Holambi Khurd, Delhi-82
2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University
NH-58 modipuram, Meerut, U.P India
3.H.R.Institute of Pharmacy, U.P. Technical University
Morta,Ghaziabad,U.P.India

Abstract
Flax (also known as common flax or linseed, binomial name: Linum usitatissimum) is a member of the genus Linum of the family Linaceae. Its origin is uncertain,but it is regarded as indigenous to India.It is cultivated extensively as a source of fibres in Egypt,Algeria,Spain,Italy and Greece while as a source of oil in Turkey, Afghanistan and India.In Russia, it is cultivated for both oil and fibre.Flax seeds come in two basic varieties: (1) brown; and (2) yellow or golden. Most types have similar nutritional characteristics and equal amounts of short-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Linseed  contains numerous beneficial components includingalpha-linolenic acid (ALA), cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin, linustatin, neolinustin), unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid), soluble flaxseed fiber mucilage (D-xylose, L-galactose, L-rhamnose, d-galacturonic acid), lignans (secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG)), monoglycerides, triglycerides, free sterols, sterol esters, hydrocarbons (protein), phenylpropane derivatives.

About Author: Mr. Patil Kuldip, Tekade B. W., Thakare V. M., Dr. Patil V. R.
T. V. E. S’s College of Pharmacy,
Faizpur (M.S.), India

Abstract
The purpose of this research was to prepare a floating drug delivery system of atenolol. In the present study, preparation of atenololfloating microspheres, evaluation of Floating Drug Delivery System (FDDS) in vitro, prediction of the release, and optimization of stirring speed and polymers ratio to match target release profile was investigated. Floating microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation (Oil-in-water emulsion) technique using hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), Ethyl cellulose (EC) and Eudrajit S100 as the rate controlling polymers. Particle size analysis, drug entrapment efficiency, surface topography, and release studies were performed. Results showed that the polymer ratio and stirring speed affected the size, incorporation efficiency and drug release of microspheres (> 12 h), and the best results were obtained at the ratio of EC (1:3). The mean particle size of prepared floating microspheres increased but the drug release rate from the microspheres decreased as the polymer concentration increased. The developed floating microspheres of atenolol may be used in clinic for prolonged drug release in stomach for at least 12 hrs, thereby improving the bioavailability and patient compliance.

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About Author: C. Stalin^*, S. Kamalasivam, E. Hariharan,
Pallavan College of Pharmacy,
Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu.

Abstract:
Tabernaemontana divaricata a common garden plant in tropical countries has been used as a traditional medicine. However, no recent review articles of T. divaricata, particularly discussing its pharmacological properties, are available. In present study, the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of flowers and leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata linn were evaluated . Free radicals have been regarded as a fundamental cause of different kinds of diseases. They cause biochemical damage in cells and tissues, which result in several diseases such as arteriosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, liver disease, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, renal failure, aging, cancer, etc. Compounds that can scavenge free radicals are thus effective in ameliorating the progress of these related diseases. T.divaricata L. known locally as ‘Nandiyavattom’ belonging to the family, Apocynaceae a common plant in India, profoundly used in Ayurvedic medicine as  Anthelmintic, Anti-inflammatory, Anodyne, Diuretic property.¹ The objective of the present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant efficacy of ethanolic extract of leaves and flower of Tabernaemontana divaricata (TALE & TLFE). Invitro antioxidant activity such as Reducing power ability ,  NBT reduction assay, Deoxyribose degradation assay was performed and was concluded that the ethanolic extract of leaves and flowers of Tabernaemontana divaricata showed significant antioxidant activity.

About Authors:Dhaval Patel*^[1], Pratham Rathore^[1], Prerna Sharma^[1], Dr. Pankaj Shah^[2]
1 Department of Pharmacy Practice,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Jaipur National University,
Jaipur -302025, (Rajasthan), India
2 Institute of kidney disease and research center,
civil hospital, Ahmedabad, (Gujarat), India

Abstract
Inpresent study, comorbidities and laboratory abnormalities of lamivudine was analysed in hepatitis b patients. Clinical data were collected from hepatitis b patients that presented with laboratory abnormalities to lamivudine. We examined 100 patients of hepatitis b who treated with lamivudine in i.k.d.r.c, civil hospital, Ahmedabad from January 2009 to February 2011. The main laboratory abnormalities were elevation of creatine kinase, elevation of AST, elevation of serum lipase. Hypertension was the major comorbidities with the hepatitis b. The laboratory abnormalities were related to lamivudine, but the biological mechanism of the reaction is not clear.

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