Articles

About Authors:
Arsh Chanana*, Mahesh Kumar Kataria, Ajay Bilandi
Department of Pharmaceutics, Seth. G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
Sri Ganganagar (Rajasthan) INDIA
*arshchanana806@gmail.com

Abstract-
Microcapsule is a tiny sphere including core material/internal phase or fill, coated with/surrounded by wall know as shell, coating or membrane. The usual size range of the microcapsule lies between 1 to 1000 μm. The technique is usually applied for targeted drug delivery, protection of the molecule and stability if the core material. Microencapsulation system offers potential advantages over conventional drug delivery systems and also established as unique carrier systems for many pharmaceuticals. This article contains the traditional and the recent techniques, including their patents, for the preparation of microcapsules. Solvent exchange method, coacervation, polymerization, hot melts etc are several recent techniques are used for the preparation of the microcapsules. The microencapsulation technique, as Novel drug Delivery System (NDDS), is widely applied for delivery of probiotics, drugs, pesticide, food etc. Although significant advances have been made in the field of microencapsulation, still many challenges need to be rectified during the appropriate selection of core materials, coating materials and process techniques.

About Authors:
Vivek P. Chavda
Department of Pharmaceutics, B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College,
Rajkot – 360003, Gujarat (India)
vivek7chavda@gmail.com

Introduction
Plants had been used for medicinal purposes long before recorded history. Ancient Chinese and Egyptian papyrus writings describe medicinal uses for plants as early as 3,000 BC. Indigenous cultures (such as African and Native American) used herbs in their healing rituals, while others developed traditional medical systems (such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine) in which herbal therapies were used. Researchers found that people in different parts of the world tended to use the same or similar plants for the same purposes. In the early 19th century, when chemical analysis first became available, scientists began to extract and modify the active ingredients from plants. Later, chemists began making their own version of plant compounds and, over time, the use of herbal medicines declined in favor of drugs. Almost one fourth of pharmaceutical drugs are derived from botanicals. Recently, the World Health Organization estimated that 80% of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some part of their primary health care. In Germany, about 600 - 700 plant based medicines are available and are prescribed by some 70% of German physicians. In the past 20 years in the United States, public dissatisfaction with the cost of prescription medications, combined with an interest in returning to natural or organic remedies, has led to an increase in herbal medicine use.[1] There are many herbal products proved to be having good antidiabetic potential. Coccinia indica (Bimba, kanduri, Cucurbitaceae) is famous for its hypoglycemic and antidiabetic properties in Ayurvedic system of medicine. (See Fig. 1) Coccinia indica, the ivy gourd, also known as baby watermelon, little gourd, gentleman's toes, tindora or gherkin(inaccurately) is a tropical vine. It is also known as Cephalandra indica.[2] It is indigenous to Bengal and other parts of India. C. indicagrows abundantly all over India, Tropical Africa, Australia, Fiji and throughout the oriental countries. The plant has also been used extensively in Ayurvedic and Unani practice in the Indian subcontinent.[3] Seeds or fragments of the vine can be relocated and lead to viable offspring. This can occur when humans transport organic debris or equipment containing C. grandis. Once the ivy gourd is established, it is presumably spread by birds, rats, and other mammals. In Hawaii, it has been suggested that the fruit may be dispersed by pigs.[4]Long-distance dispersal is most commonly carried out by humans due to its culinary uses or by mistake. In certain parts of the U.S., the ivy gourd is known as Rashmato (singular) or Rashmati (plural). Some people have begun using the plural term Rashmatoes, since it is sounds more like potatoes or tomatoes. In parts of the Caribbean it is known as lizard food.

ABOUT AUTHORS:
S.Shanmugam¹, J. Srikanth Reddy*¹, T. Vetrichelvan²
Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy,
Melmaruvathur, 603 319, Tamilnadu, India.
*srikanthjeedipelly@gmail.com

ABSTRCT:
The present study in formulation and evaluation of 5-fluorouracil microcapsules. 5-fluorouracil which is used as a anti cancer drug to treat cancer. The capsules were prepared by coacervation phase separation and emulsion solvent evaporation by using gelatin, sodium alginate and ethyl cellulose. The prepared microcapsules were evaluated with various evaluation methods such as drug content, in-vitro drug release studies, kinetic studies and stability studies as per ICH guidelines were performed. The formulated extended release microcapsules were prepared by powder layering technique. In these formulations containing 150mg of 5-fluorouracil was loaded in it. The particle size and dissolution study of  F9 formulation was concluded as the best formulation among other formulations, which showing the most desired drug release. It will be considered as optimized formulation. No significant change was observed in the drug content physical properties and dissolution rate of these micro pellets after the storage period of three months at 40±2ºc and 75±5%RH.

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Jain Deepika*, Rathore Kamal Singh
BN Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Udaipur-Raj.313002 INDIA
*dpka88jain@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Pharmacovigilance is particularly concerned with adverse drug reactions, or ADRs, which are officially described as: “A response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiological function”. The mission of Pharmacovigilance is to contribute to the protection of public health in the regulation of the safety; quality and efficacy of medicines for human use and to ensure the healthcare professionals and patients have access to information about the safe and effective use of medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an adverse drug reaction (ADR) as “Any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease or for modification of the physiological function”.

The discipline of pharmacovigilance has developed considerably since the 1972 WHO technical report, and it remains a dynamic clinical and scientific discipline. It has been essential to meet the challenges of the increasing range and potency of medicines (including vaccines), which carry with them an inevitable and sometimes unpredictable potential for harm. The following is a summary of some of the serious challenges facing pharmacovigilance programmes in the next ten years & the major challenges are:Globalization, Web-based sales and information, Broader safety concerns, Public health versus pharmaceutical industry economic growth , Monitoring of established products, Developing and emerging countries, Attitudes and perceptions to benefit and harm, Outcomes and Impact.

ABOUT AUTHORS:
R.B.Desireddy, *Sure.Lakshmi Sindhuri, A. Charitha, G.Naga sowjanya
Nalanda institute of pharmaceutical sciences,
kantepudi, Sattenapalli.
*suresindhuri@gmail.com

ABOUT AUTHOR:
Raj Kishor
Avigna Clinical Research Institute
Bangalore
raryan859@gmail.com

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Papola Vibhooti *, Dr. Kothiyal Preeti
Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology & Sciences
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
*papola.vibhooti47@gmail.com

ABSTRACTS
The lyophilized wafer developed throughout this review is an effective and versatile drug delivery system for oramucosal application. This has been established from the extensive physicochemical and physic mechanical profiling conducted. Through a screening and selection of polymers, HPC had the lowest gelation characteristics and was therefore suitable for the development of the wafer system. Suitable excipient and polymer combinations were established which allowed for the development of rapidly disintegrating and prolonged release wafer systems. The wafer system containing HPC, lactose, mannitol and glycine had the ability to disintegrate within 30 seconds. The modified wafer system, consisting of pectin cross linked with zinc ions serving as the drug reservoir, and mucoadhesive polymer combination of pectin, carmellose and gelatin, provided effective release of model drug diphenhydramine hydrochloride over approximately six hours. The modification of this technology to provide a prolonged release mucoadhesive system seems promising. It is envisaged that this system will be applicable to many drugs requiring the extended release of bioactive material. Therefore, the lyophilized wafer matrices developed in this study are highly effective in the rapid delivery of drugs, using the oral route as a site of administration.

Dengue fever is a viral caused disease that is spread by the bite of mosquito Aedes aegypti. There are 4 distinct, but closely related, serotypes of the virus that cause dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4)

Symptoms

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Swati k. Nagar*¹, Dr. Harsha V. Patel¹, Dr.Vishnu A. Patel², Vinod V. Siju^3
1Indukaka Ipcowala College of pharmacy, New V.V.Nagar
²ARCP, Vallabh vidhyanagar
³Anand Pharmacy College, Anand.
*swati.nagar28@gmail.com