Articles

13 November 2013

ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY; AN OVERVIEW

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Ramesh Babu Pedada¹*, Eukondalu Vanka¹, Dr.A.M.S.Sudhakar Babu¹, Prasanna kumar Desu¹, P.Ramaa Bharathi¹, P.Venkateawara.rao²
¹Department of Pharmaceutics, ²Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
A.M.Reddy Memorial College of pharmacy, Narasaraopet, Guntur (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India.
Rameshbabu.pedada@gmail.com
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ABSTRACT:
Enhancement of solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of drug is a very challenging task in drug development, nearly 40% of the new chemical entities currently being discovered are poorly water soluble drugs. Aqueous solubility of any therapeutically active substance is a key property as it governs dissolution, absorption and thus the in vivo efficacy. Orally administered drugs completely absorb only when they show fair solubility in gastric medium and such drugs shows good bioavailability. The solubility and dissolution properties of drugs play an important role in the process of formulation development. Problem of solubility is a major challenge for formulation scientist which can be solved by different technological approaches during the pharmaceutical product development work. The present review deals in detail about the solubilisation by surfactants, cosolvents, complexation for the improvement of solubility of poorly water soluble drugs.
12 November 2013

A MINI REVIEW ON NANOSPONGE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

ABOUT AUTHOR:
Surya Prakash Singh*
Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy,
Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Warangal,
pin:506001, Warangal, A.P, India
surya.prakashsingh@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:
Nanotechnology, a multi disciplinary science has received considerable attention in the recent times in the discovery of new chemical entities, diagnosis and treatment of several ailments[1]. It has created a remarkable impact on healthcare sector as an offshoot called nanomedicine. Many newer drugs show promising in vitro effect but lack in vivo effect due to decreased bioavailability. Nanomedicine has developed many drug delivering systems like nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, nanosponges etc., to overcome the problems of bioavailability out of which nanosponge is an advanced drug delivery system which offers diverse advantages than the other available systems. In this review, an attempt is made to summarize the methods of development, evaluation techniques and possible areas of applications and future of nanosponge drug delivery systems.
11 November 2013

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PROPHYLACTIC USE OF AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANIC ACID IN COMBINATION VS CEFTRIAXONE IN NEUROSURGERY WARD OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL WITH ASSESSMENT OF RESISTANCE RATE IN NEUROSURGERY TO ANTIMICROBIALS

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Neehar Dixit, Arun Kumar, Prashant mathur, Preeti kothiyal
Department of clinical pharmacy
Division of Pharmaceutics
SGRRITS, Patel Nagar
Dehradun, 248001
Uttarakhand, India
neehar.dixit007@gmail.com
10 November 2013

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT IN PHARMACEUTICALS: A REVIEW

ABOUT AUTHORS:
S.P.Sethy*, Tahseen Sameena, Prathima Patil, K.Shailaja
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
Sushrut Institute of Pharmacy
Taddanpally (V), Pulkal (M), Medak-502293
sarada9439504350@gmail.com
8 November 2013

FATAL FAMILIAL INSOMNIA

ABOUT AUTHORS:
Jyotirmoyee Patnaik
Kanak Manjari Institute of pharmaceutical Sciences
Rourkela, Orissa
patnaik.jyotirmoyee@gmail.com
8 November 2013

THYROID DYSFUNCTIONS AND ITS MONITORING

About Authors:
Pathak Namita*, Kothiyal Preeti, Dr. Prashant Mathur
Department of Clinical Pharmacy,
Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, 248001
pathak_namita@ymail.com
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Abstract
The prevalence of hypothyroidism is three times higher among women than men. The prevalence in an unselected community population of young, middle aged and elderly individuals is about 1.4 percent and the estimated annual incidence rate is one to two per 1,000 women. Surveys of geriatric populations have yielded estimated prevalence rates for overt hypothyroidism of 0.2 percent to 3 percent. The presentation of symptoms in the elderly may be atypical or absent. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is estimated to be between 4.0–8.5% of the adult US population without known thyroid disease, and the prevalence increases with age. Up to 20% of women over the age of 60 are estimated to have subclinical hypothyroidism. Caucasians are more likely to have subclinical hypothyroidism than non-Caucasians. The risk is highest in those with type I diabetes mellitus, a family history of thyroid disease or head/neck cancers treated with external beam radiation. Other risk factors include previous radioactive iodine treatment or thyroid surgery. Interestingly, about 20% of patients on thyroid medications are both over replaced and under replaced. Because of the high incidence of thyroid disease, The American Thyroid Association recommends measuring thyroid function on all adults beginning at age 35 years and every 5 years thereafter noting that more frequent screening may be appropriate in high risk groups. The treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism has been controversial but more recent data suggest there are increased risks of ischemic heart disease in untreated patients and that a more aggressive approach to treat ment would be appropriate.7 In contrast, subclinical hyperthyroidism has more well understood risks of atrial fibrillation and flutter and so should be more aggressively treated.
7 November 2013

DRUG DESIGNING : A REVIEW

ABOUT AUTHOR:
Muhammed Mujahed
Master’s of Science in Biotechnology.
SRTM University.
mujubiotech2011@rediffmail.com

INTRODUCTION:
Drug design is an integrated developing discipline which portends an era of ‘tailored drug’. It involves the study of effects of biologically active compounds on the basis of molecular interactions in terms of molecular structure or its physico-chemical properties involved. It studies the processes by which the drug produce their effects, how they react with the protoplasm to elicit a particular pharmacological effect or response how they are modified or detoxified, metabolized or eliminated by the organism.

Disposition of drugs in individual region of biosystems is one of the main factors determining the place , mode and intensity of their action . The biological activity may be “positive” as in drug design or “negative” as in toxicology. Thus drug design involves either total innovation of lead or an optimization of already available lead. These concepts are the building stones up on which the edifice of drug design is built up.

The drug is most commonly an organicsmall molecule that activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein, which in turn results in a therapeutic benefit to the patient. In the most basic sense, drug design involves the design of small molecules that are complementary in shape and charge to the biomolecular target with which they interact and therefore will bind to it. Drug design frequently but not necessarily relies on computer modeling techniques. This type of modeling is often referred to as computer-aided drug design. Finally, drug design that relies on the knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the biomolecular target is known as structure-based drug design.
7 November 2013

PRIMARY AMOEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS

ABOUT AUTHOR:
Akshay Rajgaria
Kanak Manjari Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Rourkela, Orissa
akshaykrish2007@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by free-living amoebae Naegleria fowleri is a rare and fatal condition.
6 November 2013

FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF BUCCOADHESIVE TABLETS OF AN ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG: ENALAPRIL MALEATE

About Authors:
DILIP KUMAR
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura-286001, Uttar Pradesh, India
kumardilip.pharma@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
The aim of the present study was to prepare and evaluate buccal tablet comprising a drug-containing buccoadhesive layer and a drug-free backing layer, by the direct compression method. The mucoadhesive layer was composed of a mixture of drug, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC K4M), Carbopol 934P (CP), Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC), and the backing layer was made of ethyl cellulose. Enalapril maleate is an ace -inhibitor was formulated onto buccoadhesive tablets to overcome the limitations in the currently available dosage forms and routes of administration which in sequence will increase patient’s compliance. Formulations (F1-F9) were developed and subjected to various evaluation parameters. All tablets were acceptable with regard to thickness, weight variation, hardness, and drug content. Maximum bioadhesive force was observed in tablets formulated using CP-NaCMC as a bioadhesive polymer (F4-F6). Formulation F6 showed maximum permeation of 91.98 % ± 0.58 in 8hr. Formulation F3 showed maximum swelling index of 2.99 ± 0.01 after 8hr. The mucoadhesive force and residence time of the optimized batch F6 are 0.14 N ± 0.01 and 9.10 hrs ± 1.15 respectively. The results indicate that suitable buccoadhesive tablets with desired properties could be prepared.
5 November 2013

FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF FAST DISPERSIBLE ORAL FILMS OF DOMPERIDONE MALEATE

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ABOUT AUTHORS:
Krupa Mehta, Nitu Changoiwala, Sanjay C. Modi, Dr. Mukesh C. Gohel, Dr. Rajesh K. Parikh
L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura,
Ahmedabad, Gujarat-380009, India

ABSTRACT:
Objective:
To Formulate, Develop and Optimize fast dispersible oral films of Domperidone maleate.
Materials and Methods:
Fast dispersible films of Domperidone maleate were prepared using solvent casting method. Films were formulated using Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC-E5) as a film forming agent, PEG-400 as a plasticizer. A 3² full factorial design was applied systematically to optimize the drug release and folding endurance. The concentration of HPMC-E5 (X1) and concentration of PEG-400 (X2) were selected as independent variables.
The Percentage Drug Release in 5 minutes (Y1) and Folding endurance (Y2) were selected as dependent variables. The prepared films were evaluated for Thickness, Folding endurance, Tensile Strength, Disintegration time, In vitro drug release and Drug content uniformity. DSC studies were conducted for drug-excipient interactions.
Results: Films prepared were found to be of good quality fulfilling all the requirements. Regression analysis and numerical optimization were performed to identify the best formulation. Formulations F10 prepared with 2.7% HPMC-E5 and 20% PEG-400 was found to be the best formulation with 96% Drug release in 5 minutes and folding endurance 24.
Discussion: X₁ and X₂significantly affected the Percentage Drug Release in 5 minutes (Y1) and Folding endurance (Y2). Percentage Drug Release decreased as the concentration of HPMC-E5 and PEG-400 increased. Folding endurance increased as the concentration of HPMC-E5 and PEG-400 increased.
Conclusions: Fast dispersible films of Domperidone maleate were successfully formulated by Solvent casting technique with immediate onset of action & improved patient compliance.