• PharmaTutor
    9 November 2012

    DRUG TARGETING: BASIC CONCEPTS AND DRUG CARRIER SYSTEMS- A REVIEW

    About Authors:
    Deepjyoti Kumari
    M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
    Dadhichi College of Pharmacy, BPUT, Orissa
    deepjyoti987@gmail.com

    Abstract:
    The aim of this reviewis to introduce the basic principles of drug targeting as they have evolved over previous decades. The most important chemical features and biological behavioural characteristics of the carrier molecules exploited for drug targeting purposes will be addressed. Furthermore, a selection of drug targeting preparations that are either in the stage of clinical testing or have been approved for application in the clinic is discussed. As the basis of drug development lies in the understanding of the molecular basis of diseases, selective interference with regulatory processes in health and disease by drug targeting will become a powerful technology. Drug targeting can, in this respect, serve both as a therapeutic approach and as a research tool in unravelling the functions of these processes in normal physiology and under patho-physiological conditions.

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  • 8 November 2012
    OXAZOLE – ISOXAZOLE: MOLECULE OF DIVERSE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

    About Authors:
    *C.P.Meher,  S.P.Sethy,  S. M Ahmed
    Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry, Maheshwara college of Pharmacy,
    chitkul (V), Isnapur “X” Road,  patancheru, Hyderabad.
    *chaitanyameher84@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT:-
    Heterocyclic chemistry is vastly expanding because of the enormous amount of research work being done in this area. Heterocyclic compound are very widely distributed in nature and are particularly important because of the wide variety of physiological activities associated with this class of substances . A great deal of research is carried out to prepare new heterocyclic molecules having therapeutic uses.[1] and also so many heterocyclic derivative are synthesized till now having desired pharmacological effect. Out of them oxazole & isoxazole derivatives are catagorised in a higher position as the other heterocyclic compound possess in the hetero-chemistry. The present review is concern with the comparative study of the derivative of oxazole & isoxazole derivatives  along with their pharmacological effects.

  • 8 November 2012
    BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A TREATMENT FOR COSMETIC AND MEDICINAL USE

    About Authors:
    *Lavkesh A.Chandivade,  Vishal V.Bandre,  Nilesh M. Choudhary
    Viva Institute of Pharmacy
    Shirgaon ,Virar(E)
    *lavkeshc@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT:
    BOTULINUM TOXIN is a neurotoxin that is made of a complex mixture of proteins containing botulinum neurotoxin and various non-toxic proteins.
    The neurotoxin clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming gram positive anaerobic bacterium that is made up of light chain and a heavy chain linked by single disulphide bond. The non-toxic proteins include haemagglutinating proteins. The bacteria are considered harmful and life threatening and can lead to muscle paralysis or weakness. However Botulin toxin treatment is quite safe especially when used in small doses and injected directly to a specific area.

  • 7 November 2012
    APPLICATION OF LC-MS

    About Authors:
    Jatin  Patel1*, Prof. Rajesh Kumar Dholpuria2, Dhiren Shah1
    2(Professor, Head of Department of pharmacognosy),
    1Seth G.L. Bihani S.D. College of Technical Education,
    Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,
    Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, INDIA
    *Patelj313@yahoo.com

    ABSTRACT:
    Liquid chromatography is a fundamental separation technique in the life sciences and related fields of chemistry. Unlike gas chromatography, which is unsuitable for nonvolatile and thermally fragile molecules, liquid chromatography can safely separate a very wide range of organic compounds, from small-molecule drug metabolites to peptides and proteins. Traditional detectors for liquid chromatography include refractive index, electrochemical, fluorescence, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) detectors. Some of these generate two- dimensional data; that is, data representing signal strength as a function of time. Others, including fluorescence and diode- array UV-Vis detectors, generate three-dimensional data. Three-dimensional data include not only signal strength but spectral data for each point in time. Mass spectrometers also generate three- dimensional data. In addition to signal strength, they generate mass spectral data that can provide valuable information about the molecular weight, structure, identity, quantity, and purity of a sample. Mass spectral data add specificity that increases confidence in the results of both qualitative and quantitative analyses. For most compounds, a mass spectrometer is more sensitive and far more specific than all other LC detectors. It can analyze compounds that lack a suitable chromophore. It can also identify components in unresolved chromatographic peaks, reducing the need for perfect chromatography. Mass spectral data complements data from other LC detectors. While two compounds may have similar UV spectra or similar mass spectra, it is uncommon for them to have both. The two orthogonal sets of data can be used to confidently identify, confirm, and quantify compounds.

  • 6 November 2012
    ROLE OF HULK PROTEIN- “GRB 10” IN ENHANCEMENT OF MUSCLE MASS: A CLINICAL REVIEW

    About Authors:
    Mr. Satyanand Tyagi*, Patel Chirag J1, Devesh Kaushik2
    *President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
    Prof. Satyanand Tyagi is a life time member of various pharmacy professional bodies like IPA, APTI and IPGA. He has published various research papers and review articles. His academic work includes 60 Publications (50 Review Articles, 08 Research Articles and 02 Short Communications of Pharmaceutical, Medicinal and Clinical Importance, published in standard and reputed National and International Pharmacy journals; Out of 60 publications, 11 are International Publications).
    He has published his papers almost in different specialization of Pharmacy field...His research topics of interest are neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes mellitus, cancer, rare genetic disorders, psycho-pharmacological agents as well as epilepsy.
    1Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
    2Territory Business Manager, Diabetes Division, Abbott Healthcare Private Limited, Okhla, New Delhi, India- 110020.
    *sntyagi9@yahoo.com, +91-9871111375/9582025220

    ABSTRACT:
    A group of Australian researchers at the Garvan Institute in Sydney have conducted a study indicating how Grb10 protein plays a crucial role in increasing muscle mass during development. Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 also known as insulin receptor-binding protein Grb-IR is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB10 gene. The product of this gene belongs to a small family of adapter proteins that are known to interact with a number of receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling molecules. This gene encodes a growth factor receptor-binding protein that interacts with insulin and insulin-like growth-factor receptors (e.g., IGF1R and IGF2R). Over expression of some isoforms of the encoded protein inhibits tyrosine kinase activity and results in growth suppression. This gene is imprinted in a highly isoform- and tissue-specific manner. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.Scientists have discovered a way to build bigger and stronger muscles without having to lift a finger.

  • 6 November 2012
    TRANSDERMAL PATCHES: A REVIEW

    About Authors:
    Patel Chirag J1*, Satyanand Tyagi2, Patel Jaimin1
    1Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
    2President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India.
    *chirag.bangalore@gmail.com, +918000501871

    ABSTRACT:
    Now a day about 74% of drugs are taken orally and are found not to be as effective as desired either due to bioavailability problems or degradation of drug in acidic pH of stomach. To resolve such problems, transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) was emerged. Transdermal drug delivery systems are dosage forms involves drug transport to viable epidermal and dermal tissues of the skin for local therapeutic effect while a very major fraction of drug is transported into the systemic blood circulation. Transdermal drug delivery systems, also known as ‘‘patches,’’ are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patient’s skin. This review article provides an overview of TDDS, advantages, limitations, various components of TDDS, methods of preparation, types of transdermal patches, factors affecting transdermal permeation, evaluation parameters and new approaches in TDDS.

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  • 5 November 2012
    PREPARATION & EVALUATION OF MICROSPHERES OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM BY SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT SLS

    About Authors:
    *Kalpesh Ashara, Jignesh Solanki
    B.K.Mody Govt.Pharmacy College Rajkot,
    Department of Pharmaceutics,GTU, Gujarat, India.
    *kalpeshshr5@gmail.com

    Abstract:
    Microspheres are solid spherical particles containing a dispersed drug in organic solution fall in a range of 1-1000mm. Microspheres or micro particles are monolithinic device refer to a rate controlling matrix throughout the drug is dissolved or dispersed, while microcapsules are device which consists of cell-like dosage forms with the drug contain within the rate controlling membrane. Microspheres are prepared by several methods. Here Microspheres are prepared using a surface active agent SLS. Then Evaluation of Microspheres is carried out by means of several parameters. Then concluded that the diclofenac: polymer ratio of 1:2 & organic solvent (MeOH: DCM) ratio of 1:4 was found to be optimum for spherical shape of microspheres as well as Practical Yield.

  • 5 November 2012
    PREPARATION OF VILOXAZINE SUSTAINED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM BY USING ETHYLCELLULOSE, CARBOPOL, SODIUM ALGINATE, HYDROXY PROPYL METHYL CELLULOSE & GUAR GUM

    About Authors:
    D. HariHaran*, M. Senthil kumar, M. Ashok Kumar, S. Dinesh & R.Jenish.
    Annai Veilankanni’s College of Pharmacy,
    81, V.G.P. Salai, Saidapet, Chennai-600015.
    *haran_pharma@yahoo.com

    ABSTRACT
    The present study behind this work is to find to prepare sustained release tablets of Viloxazine by compression method. First of all to formulate Viloxazine sustained release tablets using the Ethylcellulose, Carbopol, Sodium Alginate, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose & Guar gum under ratio’s  like 1:1, 1:1, 1:1,1:1,1:1 . Five batches were made in various polymers of ethylcellulose, carbopol, sodium alginate,hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose & guar gum is used by keeping the drug as constant. Then evaluation of Viloxazine sustained release tablets was carried out for characteristics like drug content in tablet, UV analysis. In vitro release starts from 1hr and up to 24hrs. It shows the percentage of gradual drug release as 17.80%, 27.65%, 35.12%, 45.16%, 51.20%, 57.42%, 61.30%, 66.32%, 72.08%, 77.15%, 81.32%, 84.48% & 98.20% against the label claim as 40mg.

  • 4 November 2012
    CONTRACT MANUFACTURING AND THEIR AUDITING

    About Authors:
    Arshad Hala*, Prof. Rajesh Dholpuria, Nilesh Sovasia
    1Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College Of Technical Education,
    Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research,
    Gaganpath, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan 335001
    *Arshad_hala@yahoo.com

    1. INTRODUCTION:-
    1.1. Origin:-
    Contract manufacturing is defined as the manufacture (or partial manufacturer) of a product to the order of one person or organization (the contract giver or customer) by another independent person or organization (contract acceptor or principle manufacturer). Manufacture in this context is identified as the act of processing or packaging a medicinal product or device to a given specification.(Shah, D.H., 2000)

    Contract manufacturing should be consideration as an extension of the principal manufacturer’s operation. Consequently the principal manufacturer should require the same standards of good manufacturing practices (GMP) for a contractor’s operation as he would his own. In addition, the customer must ensure that the principle manufacturer holds the relevant legal authorizations for the work to be carried out.(Shah, D.H., 2000)

    The responsibility and activities undertaken by each party need to be clearly stated in a formal agreement, separate from but additional to the legal business contract formed by the placement of an order. Commercial matters need to be appreciated as being distinct from technical matter and need to be detailed separately with due consideration for compliance with local legislation.(Shah, D.H., 2000)

  • 4 November 2012
    NOVEL SUSTAINED RELEASED DRUG DELIVERY: A MODERN REVIEW

    About Authors:
    Patel Chirag J1*, Satyanand Tyagi2
    1Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
    2President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India.
    *chirag.bangalore@gmail.com, +918000501871

    ABSTRACT
    The basic rationale of sustained release drug delivery system optimizes the biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug in such a way that its utility is maximized, side-effects are reduced and cure of the disease is achieved. There are several advantages of sustained release drug delivery over conventional dosage forms like improved patient compliance due to less frequent drug administration, maximum utilization of the drug, increased safety margin of potent drug, reduction of fluctuation in steady-state drug levels, reduction in healthcare costs through improved therapy and shorter treatment period.Presently pharmaceutical industries are focusing on development of sustained release formulations due to its inherent boons.Wide varieties of polymers are available for retarding the release rate of drugs hence sustains the action of drugs. This article contains the basic information regarding sustained-release formulation, its advantages, different types, and characteristics involved in oral sustained-release dosage form design.

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