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BUTEA MONOSPERMA A TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANT: - AN OVERVIEW

 

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About Authors:
Sunil Roshan1, Prabhakar Sharma*1, Ramchandra Gupta1, Sudhakar Sharma2
1Department of Pharmacognosy, GRKIST (Pharmacy)
2Takshashila Institute Of Science And Technology
Jabalpur, M.P.
*prabhakar.sharma071026@gmail.com

Abstract
The traditional systems of medicine together with homoeopathy and folklore medicine continue to play a significant role largely in the health care system of the population. Butea monosperma(palas) belonging to the family leguminosae grown wildly in many parts of India. The plant is highly uses by the rural and tribal people in curing various disorders. Flowers are used as drug in many ailments like eye disease, chronic fever, enlargement of spleen, leucorrhoea, epilepsy, leprosy, antifungal activity, anti-inflammatory activity, liver disorders antifertility activity and gout etc. The plant parts are used in the form of extract, juice, infusion, powder and gum. The present paper enumerates various pharmacognostic and pharmacological aspects of the plant. This review also summaries the therapeutic potential of this plant.This is a moderate sized deciduous tree which is widely distributed throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, popularly known as 'dhak' or 'palas', commonly known as ‘flame of forest’. In this review an attempt has been done to highlight the work on Butea monosperma having pharmacological potential.

REFERENCE ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1748

Introduction
Butea monosperma(palash) belonging to family leguminosae-papilioneae is a medium-sized deciduous tree. The Butea monosperma tree is also known as ‘flame of the forest’ and bastard teak. It grows throughout all over the Indian subcontinent. It is also known as tesu, palash, mutthuga, bijasneha, dhak, khakara, chichra, bastard teak, Bengal kino by local person and tribes. normally it grows in open grasslands and scattered in mixed forest. The plantations of butea monosperma can be raised both on irrigated and dry lands [1, 2]. About the tree it is said that the tree is a form of agnidev, the god of fire and goddess Parvati punishes him (agnidev) for disturbing her and lord Shiva’s privacy. Butea monosperma tree gets up to 50 ft height, with stunning flower bunches. The leaves of tree loses with the flowers develop, in month of January - March. The leaves of butea monosperma are also used for preaparation of cheap leaf plates (pattals) and cups (donas) for rural feasts. In some parts of the India these are used for biddies manufacturing by wrapping tobacco leaf. The cattle eagerly eats the palash foliage. The bark of Butea monosperma yielding a kind of coarse and brown colored fiber and these are used for rough cordage. The gum of tree (BM) is a dried juice obtained from incisions in the stem of the tree and it posses astringent effect. The gum from the tree, called kamarkas in Hindi, is used in certain food dishes. The gum is also known as Bengal Kino, and is considered valuable by druggists because of its astringent qualities, and by leather workers because of its tannin [3].The butea gum is a good option as a substitute for kino gum. The flowers of Butea monosperma yielded an red or orange dye which is used as an insecticide and as coloring agent. The tree is a good host for the lac insect and therefore, it is useful in production of natural lac [4,5].

Fig. 1:- TreeofButea monosperma

Butea monosperma is a sacred tree, called as a treasurer of the gods. Sacred utensils are made from its wood. The flowers are used as in place of blood in sacrifice rituals to goddess kali. The dry stem pieces are offered to make sacred fire. Butea monosperma is an anthropogenic tree of several castes. The use of its gum as external astringent application is mentioned by ‘Chakradatta’. The leaves are good have astringent, depurate, diuretic and aphrodisiac in pharmacological properties. It stimulates and promotes diuresis and menstrual flow. The seed is good in anthelmintic property. The seeds are act as a rubefacient when pounded with lemon juice and applied to the skin (6).

Botanical Classification
Kingdom:
plantae

Division: magnoliophyta

Class: magnoliopsida

Order: fabales

Family: fabaceae

Genus: butea

Species: monosperma

Plant Morphology
Butea monosperma is an erect tree with height of 12-15 m and irregular branches bark rough, ash coloured, and young parts downy.

Fig. 2:- Leaves of Butea monosperma

The Leaves of plant are 3-foliate, with 10-15 cm long petioles and stipules linear lanceolate, all obtuse, glabrous above when old, finely silky and conspicuously reticulate veined beneath, petioles 6 mm long, stout-stipels subulate, deciduous. The coriaceous (the terminal 10-20 cm long, broadly ovate Leaflets from a cuneate base, the lateral smaller, 10-15 by 7.5 – 10 cm, obliquely rounded at the base, equilateral, the lower side the larger) (1). The Calyx of flower is 13 mm long, dark rachis, pedicels about twice as long as the calyx, densely brown-velvety bracts and flowers are large, in a rigid racemes 15 cm long, deciduous, olive-green, densely velvety outside, clothed with silky hairs within teeth short, the 2 upper connate, the 3 lower equal, deltoid and the corolla is 3.8-5 cm long, clothed with silky, silvery hairs at outside. Orange or salmon colored, standard 2.5 cm broad, keel semi-circular, beaked, veined.

Fig. 3:- Flowers of Butea monosperma

Pods stalked are 12.5-20 by 2.5- 5 cm, and thickened at the sutures, reticulate veined argenteocanesent stalked 2 cm long(7).

Chemical Constituents(8, 9)

Leaves: The leave sof Butea monosperma containsGlucoside, Kino-oil containing oleic and linoleic acid, palmitic and lignoceric acid.

Bark: Kino-tannic acid, Gallic acid, pyrocatechin. The plant also contains palasitrin, and major glycosides as Butrin, butolic acid, cyanidin, histidine, lupenone, lupeol, (-)-medicarpin, miroestrol, palasimide and shellolic acid.

Stem: Stigma sterol-e-D-glucopyranoside and nonacosanoic acid, 3-Z-hydroxyeuph-25-ene and 2, 14-dihydroxy- 11, 12- dimethyl-8-oxo-octadec-11 enylcyclohexane.

Flower: monospermoside (butein 3-e-d-glucoside) and isomonospermoside, chalkiness’, aureoles, flavonoids (palasitrin, prunetin) and steroids, triterpene, butein, butin, isobutrin, coreopsin, isocoreopsin (butin 7-glucoside), sulphurein,

Gum: tannins, mucilaginous material, pyrocatechin.

Seed: A nitrogenous acidic compound, along with palasonin is present in seeds. It also contains monospermoside (butein 3-e-d-glucoside) and so monospermoside, oil (yellow, tasteless), proteolytic and lypolytic enzymes, plant proteinase and polypeptidase.

Resin: from seed coat allophanic acid, Z- Amyrin, e-sitosterone its glucoside and sucrose; lactone-nheneicosanoic acid-delta-lactone, jalaric esters i, ii and laccijalaric esters iii, IV.

Sap: colourless isomeric flavanone and its glucosides, butrin, chalcones, butein, butin.

Ayurvedic Properties(10)
Rasa    : Katu, Tikta, Kashaya
Guna   : Lakhu, Rooksha
Virya   : Ushna
Vipaka: Katu

Pharmacological Activity
Different part of and extract of Butea monospermashows various biological and pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antifertility, anticonvulsive, antihelmintic, antidiarrhoeal, antimicrobial, wound healing, antigiardiasis and hepatoprotective, antihypertenstive, antitumor, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging activity(11).

Antidiabetic Activity
The ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma (200 mg/kg, p.o.) Significantly improves glucose tolerance and causes reduction in blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats in Single dose treatment. Ethanolic extract of seeds (300mg/kg b.w.) Exhibits significant antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antiperoxidative effects in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus rats(12). Butea monosperma seeds at the dose of 300mg/kg b.w., exhibits significant antidiabetic, hypolipaemic and antiperoxidative effects in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus rats(13). Ethanolic extract of leaves also have antidiabetic and antioxidant potential in alloxan-induced diabetic mice(14).

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Antifungal Activity, Antimicrobial Activity, Antibacterial Activity
The stem bark of butea monosperma displays antifungal activity, which is due to the presence of an active constituent (-)-medicarpin(15). The seed oil of butea monosperma shows significant bactericidal and fungicidal effect in in-vitro testing(16).

Anti-Inflammatory Activity
The leaves of Butea monospermaexhibit ocular anti-inflammatory activity in rabbits. The anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Butea monospermaevaluated by carrageenin induced paw edema and cotten pellet granuloma. In carrageenin induced paw edema at 600 and 800 mg/kg inhibition of paw edema, by 26 and 35% and in cotten pellet granuloma inhibition of granuloma tissue formation, by 22 and 28%(17).

Antidiarrhoeal Activity
The ethanolic extract of stem bark of Butea monosperma (Lam) Kuntz has been evaluated in Wistar albino rats using several models. The extract inhibited castor oil induced diarrhoea and PGE2 induced enteropooling in rats; it also reduced gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal administration. The results obtained establish the efficacy and substantiate the use of this herbal remedy as a non-specific treatment for diarrhoea in folk medicine.(18).

Hepatoprotective Activity
Oral administration of Butea monosperma flowers powder (100 mg/kg) effectively inhibited paracetamol induced changes in the serum marker enzymes in rabbits. Increase in transaminases aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase was observed with paracetamol treated group. The results suggest that the BM flowers powder possessed significant potential as hepatoprotective agent(19). Isobutrin and butrin, the antihepatotoxic principles of flowers was reported and this activity was monitored by means of ccl4 and gain-induced liver lesion invitro(20). The methanolic extract of B. monospermapossesses hepatoprotective effects and also it mightsuppress the promotion stage via inhibition ofoxidative stress and polyamine biosynthetic pathway by significant reduction in thioacetamide-induced serum aspartate transaminase,alanine transaminase (alt/sgpt), lactate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities(21).

Anthelmintic Activity
Seeds of Butea monospermaadministered as crude powder (cp) at doses of 1, 2 and 3 g/kg to sheep naturally infected with mixed species of gastrointestinal nematodes exhibited a dose and a timedependent anthelmintic effect. The maximum reduction of 78.4% in eggs per gram of feces (epg) was recorded on day 10 after treatment with 3 g/kg. Levamisole (7.5 mg/kg), a standard anthelmintic agent, exhibited 99.1% reduction in epg. The anthelmintic activity of different species of butea has been reported against ascaridia galli, ascaris lumbricoides, earthworms, toxocara canis, oxyurids, dipylidium caninum and taenia(22), methanol extract of Butea monosperma seeds showed significant anthelmintic activity in- vitro(10).

Wound Healing Activity
Topical administration of an alcoholic bark extract of butea monosperma on cutaneous wound healing in rats increased cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis at the wound site, by increase in dna, total protein and total collagen content of granulation tissues, the tensile strength also increased significantly & histopathological examinations also provide favourable result so, it possesses antioxidant properties, by its ability to reduce lipid per oxidation(23).

Hemagglutinating Activity
Seeds of Butea monospermashowing specificity towards human erythrocytes(24). The lectins such as Butea monosperma agglutinin (bma) isolated from the seeds of butea monosperma are responsible for agglutinating property(25) this property was only shown by seeds not by flowers, leaves, roots and stems. Human blood group-a-specific agglutinins have been demonstrated in some of the n-acetyl galactosamine/galactose –binding lectins, such as the lectins. Hemagglutination test showed that n-acetyl galactosamine is the strongest inhibitor of agglutination(26).

Giardiasis
Giardiasis is a common gastrointestinal infection caused by a protozoa1 parasite, giurdia lamblia. Pippali rasayana (pr), an ayurvedic herbal medicine, prepared from piper longum (pippali) and butea monosperma (palash) in which ash of stem, root, flower and leaves of butea monosperma is used, has significant activity against giardiasis it produced up to 98% recovery from the infection. The rasayana had no killing effect on the parasite in vitro. It induced significant activation of macrophages as evidenced by increased macrophage migration index (mmi) and phagocytic activity. With higher doses of pr recovery increased up to 98% at 900 mg/kg(27) flowers of this plant are also effective in leprosy, leucorrhoea and gout(28).

Thyroid Inhibitory, Antiperoxidative and

Hypoglycemic Effects
Stigmasterol, isolated from the bark of butea monosperma was evaluated for its thyroid hormoneand glucose regulatory efficacy in mice byadministrating 2.6 mg/kg/d for 20 days which reducedserum triiodothyronine (t3), thyroxin (t4) and glucoseconcentrations as well as the activity of hepaticglucose-6-phophatase (g-6-pase) with a concomitantincrease in insulin indicating its thyroid inhibiting andhypoglycemic properties. A decrease in the hepatic lipid peroxidation (lpo) and an increase in the activities of catalase (cat), superoxide dismutase (sod) and glutathione (gsh) suggested its antioxidative potential. The highest concentration tested (5.2 mg/kg) evoked pro-oxidative activity(9).

Radical Scavenging Activities
Ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions derived from total methanol extract of butea monosperma flowers were evaluated for radical scavenging activities using different in vitro models like reducing power assay, scavenging of 2,2 diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (dpph) radical, nitric oxide radical, superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and inhibition of erythrocyte hemolysis using 2, 2' azo-bis (amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (aaph). Methanol extract along with its ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed potent free radical scavenging activity, whereas aqueous fraction was found to be devoid of any radical scavenging properties. The observed activity could be due to the higher phenolic content in the extracts (16.1, 25.29, and 17.74% w/w in methanol extract, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions respectively(29).

Liver Disorders
An extract from the flowers of butea monosperma is used in India for the treatment of liver disorders and two antihepatotoxic flavonoids, isobutrin and butrin have been isolated from the extract(20). The effect of pretreatment of methanolic butea monosperma extract prior to taa treatment at two doses and the results suggest that it may contribute to the chemo preventive effect. Butea monosperma showed a significant recovery in the level of glutathione and its metabolizing enzyme in the liver induced the detoxifying enzyme system, which is shown by the elevated levels of other qr, sod, gpx, and xanthine oxidase, which are important phase ii enzymes(21).

Anticonvulsive Activity
It shows anticonvulsive activity, due to the presence of a triterpene(30). The ethanolic extracts of leaves of albizzia lebbeck and flowers of hibiscus Rosa sinesis and the petroleum ether extract of flowers of butea monosperma exhibited anticonvulsant activity. The acetone soluble part of petroleum ether extract of butea monosperma flowers showed anticonvulsant activity. The fractions protected animals from maximum electro shock, electrical kindling pentylenetetrazole and lithium–pilocarpine induced convulsion but failed to protect animals from strychnine-induced convulsions. The fractions raised brain contents of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin(31).

Antiesterogenic and Antifertility Activity
Alcoholic extract of flowers of butea monosperma has also been reported to exhibit ant estrogenic(32). Hot alcoholic extract of butea monosperma seeds have been reported for significant anti ovulatory and anti-implantation activities when given to rats and rabbits. The active constituent has been identified as butin(33). Butin also exhibits male contraceptive properties(34). Antifertility effect of seed extract of butea frondosa has also been reported in mice. The stem bark of butea monosperma, led to the isolation and identification of three new compounds named buteaspermin a, buteaspermin b and buteaspermanol, along with 19 known compounds(35).

Anticonceptive activity
Butin which is isolated from the seeds of Butea monosperma administered orally to adult female rats atthe doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/rat from day 1 to day 5 ofpregnancy showed anti-implantation activity in 40%,70% and 90% of the treated animals, respectively. Atlower doses, there was a dose-dependent terminationof pregnancy and reduction in the number ofimplantation sites. In ovariectomized young femalerats, the butin exhibited estrogenic activity at Comparable anticonceptive doses, but was devoid of anti-estrogenic activity. Butin is a weak estrogen in that a significant uterotrophic effect was discerned evens at 1/20th the anti conceptive dose(36). It was reported that seed oil use as traditional sexual toner and contraceptive(37).

Anticancer activity
Administration of ethanol extract of leaves of Butea monosperma (L) Taub exhibited ability to reduction significantly in tumor volume and revealed that administration of ethanol extract of leaves of Butea monosperma (L) Taub appreciably decreases the viable cell count, while increasing significantly the non viable tumor cell count, compared to EAC control group. In tumor bearing mice it was found that increased in WBC count and decreased in HB content with RBC count. In differential count of WBC, the percent of neutrophils and monocytes increased while the lymphocyte count decreased. The extract treated group at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight restored all the altered hematological parameters to almost near normal(38).

Medicinal Uses
Butea monospermais used as astringent antidiarrheal antidysenteric febrifuge aphrodisiac purgative anthelmintic properties. It is used for timber, resin, fodder, medicine, and dye. The bark and the flowers and the leaves and the gum and even the seeds are used to prepare herbal remedies. The gum from the tree, called kamarkas in Hindi, is used in certain food dishes. The gum is also known as Bengal Kino, and is considered valuable by druggists because of its astringent qualities, and by leather workers because of its tannin(39, 40, 41, 42).

Conclusion
All the Herbal plants  are natural drugs used for regain the alterations made in normal physiological system by foreign organisms or by any malfunctioning of the body. In every ethnic group there exists a traditional health care system, which is culturally patterned. In rural communities, health care seems to be the first and foremost line of defense. The WHO has already recognized the contribution of traditional health care in tribal communities. A detailed andsystematic study is required for identification, cataloguing and documentation of plants, which may provide a meaningful way for the promotion of the traditional knowledge of the herbal medicinal plants. This review reveals that the plant B. monosperma is used intreating various ailments. Wherein a detailed research work in the characterization and standardization is most required for this potential plant for developing its variousformulations, which can ultimately be beneficial for human beings as well as animals. However, various studies are carried out, and authenticated comparative Study will explore much depth about this plant used in the name “Flame of the forest”.

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