Articles

ABOUT AUTHOR:
Kushwaha Anjali *
Naraina vidhya pith, faculty of pharmacy,
Gangaganj, Kanpur
* anjali.kushwaha1@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Many traditional drugs when given orally exhibit poor and/or highly variable bioavailability and are often accompanied by significant gastro-intestinal side effects. The proprietary powder processing techniques developed by Nanotherapeutics improve the delivery of drugs that cannot normally be taken orally. Nanotherapeutics has developed new inhalation, nasal, injectable, and oral particle delivery systems that:

• Improve the safety and efficacy of low molecular weight drugs,
• Improve the stability and absorption of proteins that normally cannot be taken orally, and
• Extend the life cycle of many existing drug formulations.

About Authors:
^*1P.SanilKumar, ¹C K. Dhanapal, ²Sandhya Ravi
¹Department of Pharmacy,
Annamali University, AnnamaliNager,
Chidambaram, Tamilnadu.
²Lotus Labs Pvt Ltd,
No.07, Jasmabhavan Road, Vasanthanager, Bangalore, Karnataka.
*sanilmpharm@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Hospitals are created for cure the disease but not for the spreading of diseases, even though this statement is true to the theoretical concept but it is not possible practically due to various risk factors. The spread of infection in the hospitals occurs due to the microorganism. Nosocomial infections add significantly to the economic burden of managing the underlying disease that has lead to hospitalization of the patient. More than 90% of reported infections are bacterial where as viral, fungal or protozoal infections are less commonly involved in hospital-acquired infections. This project deals with bacterial nosocomial pathogens only, since they are by far major causes of nosocomial infections. Objective of the present study include  the identification, prevention and control of nosocomial infection in our hospitals. The ultimate aim is the reduction of nosocomial infections and their costs. Baseline study for morbidity pattern in the hospitals, finding sources of exogenous and endogenous sources of nosocomial infection. Suggest measures to minimize the nosocomial infections and suggest guidelines for efficacious management of nosocomial infections.

About Authors:
Ajay Rana
M.Pharm, Shoolini University of Life Sciences,
Solan(H.P.)
*ajayrintu44@gmail.com

Abstract
Medicinal herbs constitute important source of drugs. Treatment of diseases with medicinal herbs is called phytothrepary. The study of chemistry of plant derived drugs is known as phytochemistry. Medicinal herbs have given us a number of important drugs, which are mainstays of treatment in synthetic system of medicine. Ayurveda, Siddha, Homeopathy and Herbalism are completely dependent on plants for formulations. Salicin, a glycoside isolated from Salix alba attracted the researchers in the 19^th century and it provided us with most potent weapon, Acetyl-salicylic acid for killing pain. The article highlights the historical usage and pharmacogonosy of medicinal herbs containing salicin.

About Author:
Arif Khan,
Malhotra college of pharmacy
Bhopal, MP
RGPV Bhopal, India
 

Abstract
Document is any written statement or proof of any activity in pharmaceuticals. Documentations are to define the manufacturers system of information & control, to minimize the risk of misinterpretation & errors inherent in oral or casually written communication, to provide unambiguous procedures to be followed to provide confirmation of performance, to allow calculations to be checked & to allow tracing of batch history. Documents are a mirror to show actual image of any pharmaceutical company. Documents and products are produced in pharmaceuticals but regulatory bodies are interested to see documents first. Different documents can describe the different activity in pharma and its actual image. Various documents are producing by pharma company would be discussed below. Due to the importance given to documentation in pharma “good documentation practices” is required. Good documentation is a systematic procedure of preparation, checking, verifying, issuing, storing and reviewing of any documents. Batch record is an important document kept along with reserve sample until one year of expiry of the product, and final products are release only after proper review of BMR, even after testing of Product from QC, product would not be released without review and completing of BMR and other documents .every activity should be available written form as SOPs is a requirements of GMP. Control of document is also an important part of GDP to reduce error and misuses of any documents. Master copy for all activity should be prepared such as SOPs started from Draft copy and finalizes after checking and reviewing and Approved by QA documentation. Final copy should be printed as Master copy and stamped as “master copy” by red ink. A photocopy of master copy should be issued to concern department with stamped “control copy”. A record should be maintained for issuing any documents with sign & date. Every document should have effective date, review date and revision no.

About Authors:
Arpit Sharma
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University
Solan, H.P. India
asarpitsharma1@gmail.com

Abstract
The gastro retentive drug delivery system is a novel approach for the drugs having narrow absorption window in the gastrointestinal tract and has poor absorption. Gastro retentive drug delivery system mainly prolongs the gastric emptying time, thereby targeting site-specific drug release. Several techniques such as floating drug delivery system, low density system, raft system, mucoadhesive system, high density system, super porous hydro gel and magnetic system, have been employed. The physiological problems like short gastric residence time and unpredictable gastric emptying time were overcome with the use of floating dosage forms which provide opportunity for both local and systemic effect. Floating drug delivery system enable prolonged and continuous input of the drug to the upper part of the gastro retentional tract and improve the bioavailability of medication that is characterized by a narrow absorption window. The present review addresses briefly about the floating drug delivery system.

About Author:
AJEET*
Department of Pharmaceutics
S. D. College of Pharmacy and Vocational Studies,
Muzaffarnagar, U.P. India Pin: 251001
*ajeet_pharma111@rediffmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Amongst the various routes of drug delivery, oral route is perhaps the most preferred to the patient and the clinician alike. However, peroral administration of drugs has disadvantages such as hepatic first pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation within the GI tract, that prohibit oral administration of certain classes of drugs especially peptides and proteins. Consequently, other absorptive mucosae are considered as potential sites for drug administration. Transmucosal routes of drug delivery (i.e., the mucosal linings of the nasal, rectal, vaginal, ocular, and oral cavity) offer distinct advantages over peroral administration for systemic drug delivery. These advantages include possible bypass of first pass effect, avoidance of presystemic elimination within the GI tract, and, depending on the particular drug, a better enzymatic flora for drug absorption.

ABOUT AUTHORS:
YASWANTH ALLAMNENI^1*, NAVYA ALLAMNENI², R AMARNATH¹, T RAMASWAMY CHOWDARY¹, V SATYANARAYANA¹, K VENKATESWARA RAO^1
1Research and Development Department, Natco Pharma Limited, Kothur, Mahaboobnagar, Andhra Pradesh – 509228.
²Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Narasaraopeta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Narasaraopeta, Guntur,
Andhra Pradesh, India.
*yaswanthallamneni@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The main aim of this article was to review the development of ODTs, challenges in formulation, new ODT technologies and evaluation methodologies, suitability of drug candidates, and future prospects.Over the past three decades, orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) have gained considerable attention as a preferred alternative to conventional tablets and capsules due to better patient compliance. ODTs are solid dosage forms containing medicinal substances which disintegrate rapidly, usually in a matter of seconds, when placed on the tongue. Orally disintegrating tablets are also called as orodispersible, quick disintegrating, mouth dissolving, fast disintegrating, rapid dissolving tablets, porous tablets, and rapimelts.Orally disintegrating systems have carved a niche amongst the oral drug delivery systems due to the highest component of compliance they enjoy in patients especially the geriatrics and pediatrics. However, of all the above terms, USP approved these dosage forms as ODTs.  These tablets are distinguished from conventional sublingual tablets, lozenges, and buccal tablets which require more than a minute to dissolve in the mouth. According to the recently issued draft guidance for Industry of orally disintegrating tablets, FDA specifically recommends that, in addition to the original definition for an ODT, ODTs be considered solid oral preparations that disintegrate rapidly in the oral cavity, with an in vitro disintegration time of approximately 30 sec or less according to the united states pharmacopoeia (USP) disintegration method or alternative. ODTs release drug in the mouth for absorption through local oromucosal tissues and through pregastric (e.g., oral cavity, pharynx, and oesophagus), gastric (i.e., stomach) and post gastric (e.g. .small and large intestines) segments of the gastrointestinal tract.

About Authors:
Marvinkumar I. Patel^*, Ravi R. Patel
Nootan Pharmacy College,
Visnagar,
Gujarat, India
*patel.marvin62@gmail.com

Abstract:
Dendrimer chemistry was first introduced in 1978 by Fritz Vogtle and coworkers. He synthesized the first “cascade molecules”, today known as dendritic molecules. The dendrimer architecture permits control over properties such as shape, size, density, polarity, reactivity and solubility. Dendrimer density functions and starburst limits can be easily modeled mathematically. Dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of chemistry and biology, especially in applications like drug delivery, gene therapy and chemotherapy. A treatment of Cancer mainly focused on the targeting the active drug molecule at the site without affecting the neighbour cells and dendrimers have this property which is useful in diagnosis and treatment purpose which is a new hope in this area of Cancer treatment.