Articles

24 September 2012

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF OCULAR INSERT OF ACYCLOVIR

About Authors:
Mistry G. S^*, Patel S. D, Tank H. M
Matushree V. B. Manvar College of Pharmacy
Dumiyani, Rajkot.
^*Gaurav_mistry123@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
Acyclovir is an Anti-viral drug, widely used in the treatment of Ocular herpes simplex. Ophthalmic insert of acyclovir formulated using Methyl cellulose (MC A4CP), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) and polyvinyl alcohol as polymers and glycerin use as plasticizer by solvent casting method with aim of increasing the contact time, achieving sustained release drug. The prepared ophthalmic insert were evaluated for uniformity of thickness, weight uniformity, drug content, % moisture absorption, % moisture loss, folding endurance and surface pH. In vitro drug release of formulated batches was performed using Modified Franz Diffusion cell. A 3² full factorial design was applied to systematically optimize the ocular insert. FTIR spectroscopy was performed to study the drug interaction effect in formulation using KBr disc method. On the basis of all physicochemical parameters and in vitro drug release studies, and overall Desirability, the formulation (F8) was found to vary significantly depending on the type of polymers used and their combinations and it was selected for sterility, stability, ocular irritancy study. The result of invitro diffusion study of formulation exhibited non-fickian in nature. From stability studies inserts were remained stable both physically and chemically. The formulation was found to be practically nonirritant in ocular irritation studies using hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane.
23 September 2012

ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR ESTIMATION OF IRBESARTAN BY DERIVATIVE SPECTROSCOPY (FIRST ORDER)

About Authors:
Gunjan Kalyani^*1, Vishal S. Deshmukh¹, Pranita Kashyap¹, Yogesh Vaishnav¹, Ram D. Bawankar
¹Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy,
Kumhari, Durg, Chhattisgarh
*kalyani.gunjan@yahoo.in

Abstract
Irbesartan is chemically 2-butyl-3-({4-[2-(2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl) phenyl] phenyl} methyl) -1,3-diazaspiro [4.4] non-1-en-4-one. Irbesartan is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist effective in the treatment of Hypertension. It is also effective in the treatment of High blood pressure. It is also effective when used alone or in combination with other drugs. Objective of the present study is to develop a simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and rapid first order derivative spectrophotometric method for the estimation of irbesartan in pure form. For the estimation of irbesartan, solvent system employed was 50% v/v aqueous ethanol and wavelength of detection (λ_det) was 237 nm. The linearity was obtained in the range 8 – 18 µg/ml, with a regression coefficient, R²= 1. The LOD & LOQ were found to be 0.5 µg/ml and 1.63 µg/ml respectively. Obtained results showed that there is minimum intra day and inter day variation. The developed method was validated and recovery studies were also carried out. Sample recovery using the above method was in good agreement with their respective labeled claims, thus suggesting the validity of the method and non-interference of formulation excipients in the estimation. First order derivative spectroscopy method is simple, rapid and reproducible and further it can be used for the analysis.
23 September 2012

AIDS AND ITS TREATMENTS

About Authors:
Sweet Naskar*, Sanjit Kr. Roy, Ketousetuo Kuotsu
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Jadavpur University,
Kolkata – 700032,
West Bengal, India.
*sn62525@gmail.com

Abstract
The aim of the present investigation is to know about AIDS and its treatments. Various treatments for AIDS are described here.AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding etc. As of 2009, AVERT estimated that there are 33.3 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, with 2.6 million new HIV infections per year and 1.8 million annual deaths due to AIDS. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) continues to have a favourable impact on disease progression and mortality in settings where it is available to people living with HIV.

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23 September 2012

NANOTOXICOLOGY AN EMERGING TOOL USED FOR THE TOXICITY OF NANOMATERIALS

About Authors:
Rakesh Tiwle
Shri Laxman Rao Mankar Pharmacy College Amagoan,
Gondia Maharashtra.
rakesh_tiwle@rediffmail.com

Abstract
Nanotoxicology is a branch of Bio-Nano-science which deals with the study and application of toxicity of nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterial because of quantam size effects and large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties compared with their larger counter parts. Increases in nanotechnological applications for industrial, consumer and medical uses promise many benefits, yet at the same time they have generated serious concerns about potential health and environmental risks from exposure to engineered nanoscale materials. Such concerns stimulated research in the emerging field of nanotoxicology, resulting in a steadily increasing number of publications suggesting that engineered nanomaterials because of their specific physicochemical properties can induce significant toxic responses. Although most of the nanotoxicological studies were performed using unrealistic exposure conditions, they have led to a widespread perception that generically all nanomaterials pose a significant health risk. Such perception is in great part based on exaggerated reporting in the popular press, resulting in a Nanotoxicity-Hype Correlation. Knowledge about potential human and environmental exposure combined with dose response toxicity information will be necessary to determine real or perceived risks of nanomaterials following inhalation, oral or dermal routes of exposure.
21 September 2012

BIOSENSOR - Micro electrochemical device

About Authors:
Vedant M. Pandya
Department of biotechnology, shree M & N Virani science college,
Rajkot, India-360005
vedantpandya007@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
A biosensor is a device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with physicochemical detector components. An integrated device consisting of a biological recognition element & a transducer capable of detecting the biological reaction & converting it into a signal which can be processed. Ideally, the sensor shod be self-contained, so that it is not necessary to add reagents to the sample matrix to obtain the desired response. There are a number of analytes which are measured in biological media: pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, partial pressure of oxygen & the ionic concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium & chloride. Biosensors are typically classified by the type of recognition element or transduction element employed. Sensors might be described as a catalytic biosensor if it is recognition element comprised an enzyme or series of enzymes, a living tissue slice, or whole cells derived from microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or yeast. The sensor might be described as a bioaffinity sensor if the basis of operation were a biospecific complex formation. Accordingly, the reaction of an antibody with an antigen or hapten, or the reaction of an ageist or antagonist with a receptor, could be employed. In the former case, the sensor might be called an immunosensor. Since, enzyme-based sensor measure the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction as the basis for their response, any physical measurement which yield a quantity related to this rate can be used for detection. The enzyme may be immobilized on the end of an optical fiber, & the spectroscopic properties related to the disappearance of the reactants or appearance of products of the reaction can be measured. Since biochemical reaction can be either endothermic or exothermic. Miniaturized thermistor based calorimeter called thermistos, have been developed & widely applied, especially for bioprocess monitoring.
21 September 2012

DENDRIMER : FOR NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM- A REVIEW ARTICLE

About Author:
Deepa yadav
M.Pharm
Rameshwaram institute of Technology and management, Lucknow
deepa.yadav.amethi@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Dendrimers have emerged as one of the most interesting themes for researchers as a result of unique functional architecture and macromolecular characteristics dendrimer, have attracted great attention in terms of biomedical applications. Although the PAMAMdendrimer has already been tested as a carrier for drugs and genes and as a contrast agent for bioimaging . This mini review highlights issues associated with the use of dendrimers as drug delivery vehicles. This article provides an insight into the structure, synthesis, properties,types and the applications of dendrimers in the bio-medical field.
20 September 2012

CHRONOPHARMACOKINETICS: THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF DRUGS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

About Authors:
N Allamneni*, CH Ajay Babu, AVS Madhulatha, C Anusha, P Sowjanya, BV Komali, M Kalyani, Syed M
*Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Narasaraopeta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Narasaraopeta, Guntur, India.
*yaswanthallamneni@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Chronopharmacokinetics involves the study of temporal changes in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion with respect to time of administration. Drug Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination are influenced by many different physiological functions of the body, which may vary, with time of day. Thus, the pharmacokinetic parameters characterizing these different steps, conventionally considered to be constant in time, depend on the moment of drug administration. Chronokinetic studies have been reported for many drugs in an attempt to explain chronopharmacodynamic phenomena and demonstrate that the time of administration is a possible factor of variation in the kinetics of a drug. However, the time of day has to be regarded as an additional variable influencing the kinetics of a drug since many drugs are affected by time of administration and the activity or rest period of the human or animal.
20 September 2012

STRUCTURE BASED DRUG DESIGN OF PIPERAZINE LINKED HYDROXAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS HDAC INHIBITOR

About Authors:
Avisek Mukhopadhyay*, Subhasis Banerjee
Gupta College Of Technological Sciences
M.Pharm(Bit Mesra, Ranchi)
*avisekmukhopadhyay7@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Urbanization, industrialization, changes in lifestyles, population growth and ageing all have contributed for epidemiological transition in the country. The absolute number of new cancer cases is increasing rapidly, due to growth in size of the population, and increase in the proportion of elderly persons as a result of improved life expectancy following control of communicable diseases. In India, the life expectancy at birth has steadily risen from 45 years in 1971 to 62 years in 1991, indicating a shift in demographic profile. It is estimated that life expectancy of Indian population will increase to 70 years by 2021–25. Such changes in the age structure would automatically alter the disease pattern associated with ageing and increase the burden of problems such as cancer, cardiovascular and other non-communicable diseases in the society.The latest global figures show that in 2004, there were 11.4 million cases of cancer diagnosed worldwide, and 75% of these were in Europe, the Americas and the Western Pacific Region. The Western Pacific Region includes China, Malaysia, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. The lowest numbers of cases were diagnosed in the Eastern Mediterranean region (includes Saudi Arabia, Egypt Iraq, Morocco, Tunisia) and Africa.
There were differences in the top three most common cancers in each region. The top three included lung cancer in all regions except Africa and included breast cancer in all except for the Western Pacific region. Cervical cancer was in the top three in Africa and South-East Asia only and bowel cancer in the top three for Europe only. Prostate cancer was in the top three in Africa and the Americas.Let us discuss one of the most promising targets of these days, which when overexpressed may cause cancer, i.e.;HISTONE DEACETYLASE.

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19 September 2012

DIFFERENT METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILIZATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF POORLY SOLUBLE DRUGS: A RECENT REVIEW

About Authors:
Patel Chirag J*, Asija Rajesh, Asija Sangeeta
Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics,
Jaipur, Rajasthan.
*chirag.bangalore@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Solubility, the phenomenon of dissolution of solute in solvent to give a homogenous system, is one of the important parameters to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for desired pharmacological response. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem encountered with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. The insufficient dissolution rate of the drug is the limiting factor in the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble compounds. This review discusses BCS classification, carriers for solubility enhancement and different techniques for solubility enhancement.Various techniques are used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly soluble drugs which include micronization, nanonization, sonocrystallization, supercritical fluid method, spray freezing into liquid and lyophilization, evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution, use of surfactant, use of co-solvent, hydrotropy method, use of salt forms, solvent deposition, solubilizing agents, modification of the crystal habit, co-crystallisation, complexation and drug dispersion in carriers.Selection of solubility improving method depends on drug property, site of absorption, and required dosage form characteristics.With the advent of combinatorial chemistry and a high throughput screening, the number of poorly water soluble compounds has increased solubility. A success of formulation depends on how efficiently it makes the drug available at the site of action.The purpose of this review article is to describe the techniques of solubilization for the attainment of effective absorption with improved bioavailability.
19 September 2012

EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF ALLOPHYLUS SERRATUS.

About Authors:
A.SRILAKSHMI^*, AMRUTHA R.E, N.KRISHNA SREE
Department of Pharmacology
P. Rami Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy,
Andhra Pradesh, India.
*amrutharamapuram@gmail.com

Abstract:
Present study was aimed to evaluate the anthelmentic activity of ethanolic extract of Allophylus serratus against Indian earthworms Pheritima posthuma. The various concentrations of ehanolic extract of Allophylus serratus were tested for paralysis time and death time of the worms. Results revealed that all the concentrations of Allophylus serratus possess anthelmentic activity in a dose dependant manner. Potency of the test samples was found to be inversely proportional to the time taken for paralysis/death of the worms. The activities were comparable with the reference drug Albendazole(20mg/ml). Among the various concentrations of extracts 400mg/ml dose was found to possess promising anthelmentic activity in comparison to other extracts like 100mg/ml,200mg/ml. Phyto constituents of ethanolic extract of Allophylus serratus were found to be Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds,steroids,tri-terpenoids, Glycosides. The present study therefore justifies its use in the folklore remedies as an anthelmentic drug of natural origin.