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  • IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL SPECIES BY COMBINED BIOINFORMATIC AND POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

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    About Authors:
    Emanual Michael Patelia, Bushra Ahmed, Muhammad Javaid, Jayesh Patel, Rakesh Thakur, Mishra Trinath
    Department of Pharmacology, University of Bedfordshire, England,
    United Kingdom, LU1 3JU
    ricky.emanual@gmail.com

    Abstract
    The identification will be carried out by comparing a potential PCR product obtained from an unknown species with other PCR products specific to 5 known species, using the same five set of pairs of primers specific of these five species respectively. This implies that each PCR product obtained for each species has to be specific to each species and can be considered as a marker in this exercise. This specificity will be based on the uniqueness of the chosen template that is to be used for each PCR. In addition, since the PCR products will not be sequenced, they will be differentiated by their size, which will be identified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR product can only be used as a marker that defines a species if the amplified sequence is unique to this species. Therefore, the first step in this exercise will be to identify a suitable sequence to amplify for each species. Following the identification of a suitable template, the size of the PCR will have to be defined; since the comparative analysis will be based not only on the presence of a product but also its size, all PCR products should have different sizes identifiable on agarose gel. Since the size of a PCR product is defined by the location of primers along the sequence, the second step in this exercise will be to design suitable primers. Finally, having defined specific template and primers for each species, PCR will be carried out using the DNA of unknown species as a template with all five sets of primers so that a successful PCR product and its size would identify the unknown species as one of the five species.

  • IN-VITRO SCREENING OF DHATURA INOXIA FOR ITS ANTI-MALARIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST P. FALCIPARUM

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    ABOUT AUTHORS:
    S.O. Pratap1,2, Ruchi Gaur3, R.Stephan4, J.L bhatt3, C.R. Pillai1, Usha Devi1
    1Department of  Parasitology, Malaria Research Center, New Delhi
    2Department of  Biotechnology, SR Group of Institutions, Jhansi, UP
    3School of Life Science, ITM University Gwalior, MP
    4Department of Botany, Government P.G. College Ariyalur, Tamilnadu, India
    dixitshivom@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT
    The natural products are important source of biologically active compounds having potential for developing a novel malaria drug. Malaria is one of the most important infectious vector born parasitic disease caused by Coccidian protozoan parasite of genus Plasmodium carried out by mosquito, invade red blood cells. Malaria is thousand times more complex than any disease. In the current study, a natural ingredient of herb; Dhatura Inoxia is analyzed, for its anti-malarial activity by preparing crude extract of water and ethanol, analyzed on schizont stage of plasmodial life cycle against two Chloroquine strains: sensitive and resistant of Plasmodium falciparum isolates. The results revealed that IC50 values of crude water extract was recorded as; 71± 1.41µg/ml and 105±7.07 while as the ethanol crude extract produced IC50 concentrates: 52±3.53 µg/ml and 59.5± 70 µg/ml against sensitive and resistant P. f. isolates, respectively. The results showed that this herb plant possess significant antiplasmodial activity in terms of IC50 as recorded in this study.

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  • ASPERGILLOMA SYNDROME

    ABOUT AUTHOR:
    Akshay Rajgaria, Prajna Tripathy
    Kanak Manjari Institute of pharmaceutical Sciences.
    Rourkela, Orissa
    akshaykrish2007@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT:
    An aspergilloma, also known as a mycetoma or fungus ball, is a clump of fungus which exists in a body cavity such as the lung. It is associated with the Aspergillus species, but Zygomycota and Fusarium may also form similar structures

  • INTERLEUKINS IN THERAPEUTICS

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    ABOUT AUTHOR:
    Anjan Khadka
    Department of Pharmacology,
    AFMC, Pune, India
    anjankhadka14@yahoo.com

    ABSTRACT:
    Interleukins are a subset of a larger group of cellular messenger molecules called cytokines, which are modulators of cellular behaviour. On the basis of their respective cytokine profiles, responses to chemokines, and interactions with other cells, these T-cell subsets can promote different types of inflammatory responses. During the development of allergic disease, effector TH2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-32.  IL-25, IL- 31, and IL-33 contributes to TH2 responses and inflammation. These cytokines have roles in production of allergen-specific IgE, eosinophilia, and mucus. ILs have role in therapeutics as well as diagnosis and prognosis as biomarker in various conditions. Therapeutic targeting of the IL considered to be rational treatment strategy and promising biologic therapy.

  • A REVIEW ON INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS SYNDROME (ICS)

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    About Authors:
    M Sushma*, TVV Vidyadhar, R Mohanraj, M Babu
    Department of Pharmacy Practice, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (RIPER),
    K R Palli Cross, Near S.K University, Anantapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
    *sushma.banthi@gmail.com

    Abstract:
    Interstitial cystitis (IC) is an irritative bladder syndrome of multifactorial aetiology and is said to be one of the several conditions that causes bladder pain, which is most commonly seen in women than in men. It is of unknown aetiology. But some factors like autoimmune disorder, Genetic predisposition, Gynaecologic surgery in the past, History of recurrent UTIs. The body's immune system attacks the bladder, similar to other autoimmune conditions. The urologist may use a special scope called a cytoscope to look inside your bladder for inflammation, pinpoint bleeding. Management of IC is done by oral therapy of pentosanpolysulphate, Tricyclic anti-depressants, Anti-histamines, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Bladder analgesics. Whereas intravesical therapy Dimethyl sulphoxide, heparin, Bacillus calmette-Guerin

  • A REVIEW: ATHEROSCLEROSIS & ITS TREATMENT

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    About Author:
    Mr. Yogesh K. Patil
    Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology,
    Shree Mahavir Institute of Pharmacy,
    Nashik.
    yogesh_kpatil85@yahoo.co.in

    Abstract:
    Atherosclerosis is deposition of fatty substances into the inner wall of blood vessels. Due to deposition of lipid material into blood vessels there is restricted flow to blood to various organs like kidney, heart, lungs etc. To overcome this effect various drugs available in market like statins, fibrates etc. There is also way to clean lipid from inner lining of blood vessels through surgery which is last step of treatment. There are mainly two surgeries available that is bypass surgery of heart and angioplasty.

  • ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY OF GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM BY ALLOXAN INDUCED MODEL IN RATS
  • SEX DETERMINATION USING THE ADVANCED OMIC TECHNIQUES: POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND SDS PAGE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

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    About Authors:
    Emanual Michael Patelia*, Emma Spiking
    Department of Pharmacology,
    University of Bedfordshire, England,
    United Kingdom, LU1 3JU
    ricky.emanual@gmail.com

    Abstract:
    The polymerase chain reaction is widely used technique for the amplification of target nucleotides for the gene of interest. Amplification of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome by PCR and the identification by electrophoresis has a major role in sex determination. In the proposed method, the house keeping primer glyceraldehydes phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a marker of both total and DNA and mitochondrial RNA and SRY gene should be used for the identification of the unknown samples. In the SDS PAGE gel electrophoresis, two bands are noticeable; first band at 218 bp for GAPDH and second band at 741 bp for SRY gene. The sex chromosomes has a important role in the etiology of normal sexual development. Biopotential gonal needs two chromosomes to the development of ovary. The existence of SRY gene located on the Y chromosome, a testis is developed. The sex ambiguity can be developed by the discodance between chromosomal sex and appearance of the external genitalies.

  • PROBIOTICS - A REVIEW

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    About Authors:
    V.Sankar1*, Akash kurian2
    *1Department of Pharmacy Practice, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore.
    2PHARM.D Intern, PSG College of Pharmcy, Coimbatore.
    *akash.kurian8@gmail.com

    Abstract:
    The objective of review is to outline the probiotics use in medicine and to give insight in to the field for different applications. The use of probiotics in treatment regimen is increasing. Probiotics are live organisms and prebiotics are components of food that are not otherwise easily digested by humans and these food components essentially feed beneficial bacteria in the gut. Probiotics can be formulated to many different types of products including drugs, foods and dietary supplements. Species of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium are most commonly used as probiotics. Probiotics are intended to assist the body’s naturally occurring gut mitochondria. Some probiotic preparations have been used to prevent diarrhea caused by antibiotics or as part of treatment for antibiotic related dysbiosis. This article focus on the probiotics use,  clinical trials and its future.

  • A REVIEW: EFFECT OF DIABETES ON VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM

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    About Authors:
    Yogesh K. Patil
    Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology,
    Shree Mahavir Institute of Pharmacy,
    Nashik.
    yogesh_kpatil85@yahoo.co.in

    Abstract:
    Endothelial dysfunction is mainly observed in diabetics. The main role of endothelium is to control the tone of the vascular smooth muscle through the production of vasodilator mediators like nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation has been observed in vascular beds of different animal models of diabetes and in humans with type 1 and 2 diabetes. Hyperglycaemia causes repeated acute changes in intracellular metabolism and causes activation of polyol pathway, activation of protein kinase C, advanced glycation end product and increased oxidative stress.

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