January 2013

HLL Lifecare Limited is a Mini Ratna Company of Govt. of India under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. HLL, a schedule B Public Sector Enterprise is today a multi product, multi unit organization addressing various public health challenges. The company with five manufacturing units and marketing offices throughout the country is engaged in the manufacturing and marketing of a wide range of contraceptives and healthcare products.

About Authors:
Anoop Patel*¹, Anoop Kumar¹, Neha Sharma¹, Monika Prajapati^2
1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, U.P., India
²Raj Kumar Goel institute of technology, 5th K.M. Stone Delhi Meerut Road, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh- 201003
*anoop.p.2007@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Oral route still remains the favorite route of drug administration in many diseases because it is very suitable for drug delivery and non invasive. Till today it attracts to many researchers for investigation in the development of new dosage forms. The major problem in oral drug formulations is low and erratic bio-availability due to less water solubility and permeability of the drug across the biological membrane. This may arise high inter and intra subject variability due to lack of dose proportionality and therapeutic failure. It is estimated that 40% of new active constituents which are investigated recently show poor water solubility due to their lipophilic nature. The improvement of bio-availability of these drugs with such properties presents one of the greatest challenges in drug formulations. Several technologies are used for overcome these problems including micronization, solid dispersions, cyclodextrins complex formation and different lipid based drug delivery systems. Self-emulsifying drug delivery system is one the most important and advanced technology for enhancing the oral bio-availability as well reducing in dose. This system also gained attraction for enabling more consistent drug absorption, selective targeting of drugs in GIT, and protection of drugs from the inner environment of gut.

NBRI is a premier plant based multidisciplinary, state-of-art national R&D Centre of CSIR undertaking research from classical taxonomy to cutting edge areas of modern biology-including both applied and basic research in the fields of biochemistry, bioinformatics, biotechnology, conservation biology, cytogenetics, environmental sciences, ethnopharmacology, floriculture, microbiology, molecular biology and genetic engineering, pharmacognosy, pharmacy, physiology, phytochemistry, plant biodiversity, plant breeding, tax

About Authors:
Lohithasu Duppala¹*, Anil kumar vadda^2
1GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM University, Pharmaceutics, visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India-530045.
²AVANTHI Institute of pharmaceutical sciences, pharmacology, visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India-530045.
¹lohithasu@gmail.com, ²anilkumar.vadda@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION:
Commonly, the olden days ,vaginal drug delivery systems are used to deliver vaginal infections treatment drugs  and contraceptives.¹ The advantage of intra-vaginal controlled drug administration over conventional/traditional oral administration is the drug absorbed systemically because due to the presence of dense network of blood vessels in vaginal wall The vaginal cavity is also an effective site for the uterine targeting of various therapeutic agents such as terbutaline, progesterone and danazol.²   But now-a-days ,the poorly absorbed oral drugs to be formulated as targeted vaginal drug delivery system to treat vaginal infections. In 1970, the first vaginal ring was used for delivery of medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception.³ Vaginal drug delivery systems are traditionally used to deliver contraceptive and drugs to treat vaginal infections.

About Authors:
Kambham Venkateswarlu¹*, G.Sujatha^2
1Graduate Student
²Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Sri Lakshmi Narasimha College of Pharmacy, Palluru,
Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh-517132, India.
*k.v.reddy9441701016@gmail.com

I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. WHAT IS PROSTATE CANCER?
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men worldwide. It is a disease of the prostate gland in which malignant cells form in the tissues of the prostate and multiply out of control. These cells often metastasize to other parts of the body, like the rectum, the bladder and especially, the bones and the lymph nodes. It generally arises near the surface of the gland so that it can be diagnosed easily by digital rectal examination (DRE). Depending on the extent of metastasis, the prostate cancer tissue has been graded using the Gleason System into a score of 2 to 10 or into four stages I-IV (or, A-D), indicating the likelihood of spreading of the disease to other parts of the body.

Although several types of cells are found in the prostate, over 99% of the cancers occur in the gland cells only (cells which make the prostate fluid which is added to the semen). Such type of cancer is termed as adenocarcinoma. The region of prostate gland where the adenocarcinoma is most common is the peripheral zone.  Other types of cancer can also start in the prostate gland, including sarcomas (like leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma), small cell carcinomas, and transitional cell carcinomas, although they are extremely rare. Generally, the cancer grows and spreads very slowly. Early prostate cancer most often causes no symptoms. Sometimes, however there are signs and symptoms very close to those of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).