Articles

About Authors:
Arshad Hala*, Prof. Rajesh Dholpuria, Nilesh sovasia
Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College Of Technical Education,
Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research,
Gaganpath, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan 335001
*Arshad_hala@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:
Over the past fifty years nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, commonly referred to as NMR, has become the preeminent technique for determining the structure of organic compounds. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical chemistry technique used in quality control and research for determining the content and purity of a sample as well as its molecular structure. For example, NMR can quantitatively analyze mixtures containing known compounds. For unknown compounds, NMR can either be used to match against spectral libraries or to infer the basic structure directly. Once the basic structure is known, NMR can be used to determine molecular conformation in solution as well as studying physical properties at the molecular level such as conformational exchange, phase changes, solubility, and diffusion.Of all the spectroscopic methods, it is the only one for which a complete analysis and interpretation of the entire spectrum is normally expected. Although larger amounts of sample are needed than for mass spectroscopy, NMR is non-destructive, and with modern instruments good data may be obtained from samples weighing less than a milligram. To be successful in using NMR as an analytical tool, it is necessary to understand the physical principles on which the methods are based.

About Authors:
Tarun Parashar^1*, Soniya¹, Satyanand Tyagi², Patel Chirag J³, Rishikesh Gupta⁴, Ram Narayan Prajapati^4
1*Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India-248002.
²President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy), Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
³Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
⁴Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India-284128.
*parashar89tarun@gmail.com, +91-7838447014/08006939831

ABSTRACT:
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a group of proteins the expression of which is increased when the cells are exposed to elevated temperatures. HSP are present in cells under normal conditions, but are expressed at high levels when exposed to sudden temperature jump or other stress. HSP stabilize proteins and are involved in the folding of denatured proteins. High temperatures and other stresses, such as altered pH and oxygen deprivation, make it more difficult for proteins to form their proper structures and cause some already structures protein to unfold. Left uncorrected, mis-folded proteins form aggregates that may eventually kill the cell. HSB are induced rapidly at highly levels to deal with this problem. HSP have wide clinical applications, they are not only useful as Cancervaccine adjuvant as well as anticancer therapeutics, and also they are useful in agricultural field. The aim of present article is to provide in depth knowledge about clinical indications of these proteins so called as “Heat Shock Proteins”.
An attempt is also made to focus on functions, characteristics, types, qualities, clinical significance as well as brief description of Heatshock proteins.

About Authors:
Satyanand Tyagi*, Patel Chirag J¹, Tarun Parashar², Soniya², Rishikesh Gupta³, Devesh Kaushik⁴
*President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy),
Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
Prof. Satyanand Tyagi is a life time member of various pharmacy professional bodies like IPA, APTI and IPGA. He has published various research papers, review articles and short communications. He is member of Editorial Advisory Board for some reputed Pharmacy Journals. He is appointed as an Author for International Pharmaceutical Writers Association (IPWA). (Appointed as an author for the chapters of book on Pharmaceutical Chemistry). His academic work includes 62 Publications (52 Review Articles, 08 Research Articles and 02 short Communications of Pharmaceutical, Medicinal and Clinical Importance, published in standard and reputed National and International Pharmacy journals; Out of 62 publications, 11 are International Publications). His research topics of interest are neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes mellitus, cancer, rare genetic disorders, psycho-pharmacological agents as well as epilepsy.
¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
²Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India-302020.
³Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India-284128.
⁴Territory Business Manager, Diabetes Division, Abbott Healthcare Private Limited, Okhla, New Delhi, India- 110020.
*sntyagi9 @yahoo.com, +91-9871111375/9582025220

ABSTRACT:
Diabetes is usually a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there are high levels of sugar in the blood. Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia). Cashew nuts have a relatively high fat content, but it's what dieticians consider “good fat.” It's good fat because it has the ideal fat ratio of 1:2:1 for saturated, monosaturated, and polyunsaturated fat.

About Authors:
Manish Jaimini^*, Vishal Joshi
Dept. Of Pharmaceutics, Jaipur college of Pharmacy,
Sitapura, Jaipur (Raj.) 302022
*manishjaimini@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Novel drug delivery system as a major advance to solving the problems related to the release of the drug at specific site. These systems have several advantages over conventional multi dose therapy. There are various approaches in delivering a therapeutic substance to the target site in a sustained release fashion. One such approach is using microspheres as carriers for drugs. Microencapsulation is used to modify and delay drug release from pharmaceutical dosage forms.  Microspheres efficiently utilized in controlled delivery of many drugs but wastage of drug due to low drug entrapment efficiency is the major drawback of such micro-particulate system. This review provides brief information about floating microspheres, method of preparations, evaluation and application of microspheres for sustained drug delivery.

About Authors:
Satyanand Tyagi^1*, Patel Chirag J¹, Patel Jaimin¹, Chaudhari Bharat¹, Ram Narayan Prajapati^3
1*President, Tyagi Pharmacy Association & Scientific Writer (Pharmacy),
Chattarpur, New Delhi, India-110074.
Prof. Satyanand Tyagi is a life time member of various pharmacy professional bodies like IPA, APTI and IPGA. He has published various research papers, review articles and short communications. He is member of Editorial Advisory Board for some reputed Pharmacy Journals. He is recently appointed as an Author for International Pharmaceutical Writers Association (IPWA). (Appointed as an author for the chapters of book on Pharmaceutical Chemistry). His academic work includes 62 Publications (52 Review Articles, 08 Research Articles and 02 short Communications of Pharmaceutical, Medicinal and Clinical Importance, published in standard and reputed National and International Pharmacy journals; Out of 62 publications, 11 are International Publications). His research topics of interest are neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes mellitus, cancer, rare genetic disorders, psycho-pharmacological agents as well as epilepsy.
²Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind Institute of Pharmacy, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-302020.
³Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India-284128.
*sntyagi9@yahoo.com, +91-9871111375/09582025220

ABSTRACT:
A Genetically Modified (GM) tomato, or transgenic tomato or genetically engineered is a tomato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering. The first commercially available genetically modified food was a tomato engineered to have a longer shelf life. Currently there are no genetically modified tomatoes available commercially, but scientists are developing tomatoes with new traits like increased resistance to pests or environmental stresses. Other projects aim to enrich tomatoes with substances that may offer health benefits or be more nutritious.

About Authors:
Dhananjay S. Jadhav
M. Tech (Pharmaceutical Technology) Division of Pharmaceutical Technology,
School of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University,
Jalgaon- 425001, India
dhananjaysjadhav@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT
Oral administration of pharmaceuticals is one of the most popular method of drug dilevery.Taste is an important factor in the development of dosage form. “The worse the taste of the medication, the better the cure” was once the prevailing attitude. Many orally administered drugs elicite bitter taste. Undesirable and particularly bitter taste is one of the important formulation problems that are encountered with many drugs. Administration of bitter drugs orally with acceptable level of palatability is a key issue for health care providers. Proven methods for bitterness reduction and inhibition have resulted in improved palatability of oral pharmaceuticals. Several approaches like adding flavors and sweeteners, use of lipoproteins for inhibiting bitterness, coating of drug with inert agents, microencapsulation, multiple emulsion, viscosity modifiers, vesicles and liposomes, prodrug formation, salt formation, formation of inclusion and molecular complexes, solid dispersion system and application of ion exchange resins have been tried by the formulators to mask the unpleasant taste of the bitter drugs. The present review attempts to give a brief account of different technologies of taste masking with respect to dosage form and novel methods of evaluation of taste masking effect.

About Authors:
V. KRISHNA KISHORE
M.Pharm, 2nd Sem (Pharmaceutics)
Roland Institute of  Pharmaceutical Sciences , Berhampur, Odisha.
Krishnakishorev58@gmail.com

1. Abstract:
Pharmacokinetics is currently defined as the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Clinical pharmacokinetics is the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the safe and effective therapeutic management of drugs in an individual patient.
Primary goals of clinical pharmacokinetics include enhancing efficacy and decreasing toxicity of a patient's drug therapy. The development of strong correlations between drug concentrations and their pharmacologic responses has enabled clinicians to apply pharmacokinetic principles to actual patient situations.
A drug's effect is often related to its concentration at the site of action, so it would be useful to monitor this concentration. Receptor sites of drugs are generally inaccessible to our observations or are widely distributed in the body, and therefore direct measurement of drug concentrations at these sites is not practical. For example, the receptor sites for digoxin are believed to be within the myocardium, and we cannot directly sample drug concentration in this tissue. However, we can measure drug concentration in the blood or plasma, urine, saliva, and other easily sampled fluids.