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Pharmacology Articles

 

Clinical courses

  • Peptic Ulcer Disease and its Screening

    About Author: Ram Ashwin

    Peptic Ulcer Disease and its  screening
    Condition characterized by Erosion of GI mucosa resulting from digestive action of HCl and pepsin or A peptic ulcer is erosion in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, an area called the duodenum.
    • Ulcer development
    • Lower esophagus(esophageal ulcer)
    • Stomach(gastric ulcer)
    • Duodenum(duodenal ulcer)

  • A Review on Piperacillin - Tazobactam in Febrile Neutropenia

    About Author: Uday Venkat Mateti1*, Srikala Patha2
    1. Department of Pharmacy Practice  & Pharm.D, St Peter’s Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rohini Hospital, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India
    2. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Bharat Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), KIMS Hospital, JNTU, Hyderabad, India

    Abstract
    The mortality rate of febrile neutropenia (FN) has diminished steadily but remains significant. Overall mortality rates are 5% in patients with solid tumors (1% in low-risk patients) and as high as 11% in some hematological malignancies. Piperacillin/Tazobactam is a β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against most Gram-positive, Gram-negative aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria. Piperacillin/Tazobactam is effective and well tolerated in patients with febrile neutropenia.  Guidelines for the Management of Febrile Neutropenia in Oncology Patients and the 2010 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Prevention and treatment  for febrile neutropenia recommends as initial treatment in patients with FN who are at high risk of serious infections. In comparative clinical trials against various other antibacterial regimens. Piperacillin/Tazobactam has shown higher clinical success rates, particularly in the treatment of patients with febrile neutropenia. Piperacillin/Tazobactam has shown clinical as well as the economic advantages over other antibacterial regimens in the treatment of febrile episodes in patients with neutropenia. It is likely to reduce overall treatment costs of moderate to severe febrile neutropenia by increasing initial treatment success thereby reducing the length of hospital stay and the use of additional antibacterials. Present data regarding clinical efficacy, safety and costs would support the use of Piperacillin/Tazobactam as an empirical first-line option in moderate to severe febrile episodes in patients with neutropenia.

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  • Impact of Mycotoxin in the Program Cell Death / Necrosis

    About Author: Rinki Verma (Research Fellow)
    Center of Experimental Medicine and Surgery,
    Institute of Medical sciences,
    Banaras Hindu University,
    Varanasi, India

    Abstract
    Genetic instability caused by secondary metabolites produced by fungus. These  mycotoxins are chemical compound which are naturally toxic to cells. Because of ability to generating ROS and RNS caused oxidative stress. Due to their toxicity properties implicate apoptosis and form cancer cell. DNA replication are going to impaired and become damage. Mycotoxins are suppressed tumor suppressing gene and convert proto-oncogene in the oncogene. In this review we explain the control exposure of mycotoxins and provides guidelines to farmers because they are directly contact to these compounds.

  • Does Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetic Mellitus

    About Author: Rinki Verma (Research Fellow)
    Center of Experimental Medicine and Surgery,
    Institute of Medical sciences,
    Banaras Hindu University,
    Varanasi-221005, India

    Abstract
    Diabetes mellitus (DM) has reached endemic scope and is an important risk factor for heart failure (HF).Itself indicated as a group of different disease due to destruction of insulin. A large number of therapy available in the management of this but most prominent therapy uses due to their unique properties; stem cell therapy. A stem cell with extensive proliferative nature may provide a precious source of islet progenitor cells. Through transplantation of insulin-producing cells offers a promising therapy to profligate diabetes. A number of studies have demonstrated that a progenitor/stem-cell population can be expanded in vitro to generate large numbers of islet progenitor cells. However, efficient and directed differentiation of these cells to an endocrine pancreatic lineage has been difficult to achieve. They review growing of the islet cells obtained from embryonic stem cell, or adult human tissues which produced insulin to treatments of diabetic patients.

  • Prebiotics and its Role in Therapy

    About Author: Mr. Rupajit Bhattacharjee, M.Pharm

    What are Prebiotics?
    Prebiotics are components present in foods, or that can be incorporated into foods, which yield health benefits related to their interactions with the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
    Prebiotics can be defined as “nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth of one or a limited number of bacterial species in the colon, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, which have the potential to improve host health.” Prebiotics are, simply speaking, the “food” for beneficial bacteria.

  • The Unknown Mystery of Death - Risk Factor for Development of Cancer Cervix in Indian Women.

    About Author: Rinki Verma (Research fellow)
    Institute of Medical science (CEMS)
    Banaras Hindu University
    Varanasi - 221005

  • REVIEW ON OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY

    About Authors: Divya Gupta,
    M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics),
    Dehradun Institute of Technology, Dehradun

    Introduction
    In the words of Hughes and Mitra2: “ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the most interesting and challenging endeavours facing the pharmaceutical scientist...The anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of the eye render this organ exquisitely impervious to foreign substances...The challenge to the formulator is to circumvent the protective barriers of the eye without causing permanent tissue damage...The primitive ophthalmic solutions, suspensions and ointment dosage forms are clearly no longer sufficient to combat some present virulent diseases...”

    Eye is a unique and very valuable organ. This is considered a window hinge. We can enjoy it and look at the world body. There are many eye diseases that can affect the body and loss of vision as well. Therefore, many eyes in drug delivery systems are available. They are classified as traditional and new drug development system. Topical application of drugs to the eye is the most popular and well-accepted route of administration for the treatment of various eye disorders. The bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is, however, very poor due to efficient protective mechanisms of the eye. Blinking, baseline and reflex lachrymation, and drainage remove rapidly foreign substances, including drugs, from the surface of the eye [1].

  • Liver Enzymes

    About Authors: Sharath Babu
    M.Pharm, Mallareddy Institute of Pharmacy

    Liver Enzymes
    Four separate liver enzymes are included on most routine laboratory tests. They are-aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT), which are known together as transaminases; and alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), which are known together as cholestatic liver enzymes. Elevations of these enzymes can indicate the presence of liver disease.

  • Combinatorial Chemistry and Contemporary Pharmacology

    About Authors: Aswini K. Reddy, Swetha Yasa, Srivally Challa, Masoom. md
    Mallareddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hyderabad

    ABSTRACT
    Both solid- and liquid-phase combinatorial chemistry have emerged as powerful tools for identifying pharmacologically active compounds and optimizing the biological activity of a lead compound. Complementary high-throughput in vitro assays are essential for compound evaluation. Cell-based assays that use optical endpoints permit investigation of a wide variety of functional properties of these compounds including specific intracellular biochemical pathways, protein-protein interactions, and the subcellular localization of targets. Integration of combinatorial chemistry with contemporary pharmacology now represents an important factor in drug discovery and development.

    This is an exceptionally exciting time in the field of pharmacology. The environment for the identification of new therapeutic targets and agents that interact with these targets has rapidly changed with the application of genetic tools and genomics. Extrapolation from the genomic sequencing of lower organisms suggests that there will be a 10-fold increase in the number of potential human therapeutic targets in the next several years with the completion of the Human Genome Project (Drews, 1996). This is leading to a fundamental transformation in pharmacology; no longer is there a dearth of molecular targets for small molecules. Rather, the emphasis is now on validating whether or not the targets are appropriate for therapeutic intervention, on generating large arrays of compounds that represent diverse portions of “chemical space”, and developing methods to quickly assess the credentials of small molecules as target disrupters. We believe many of the tools and reagents that are being developed to facilitate this scientific activity will emerge as vital for future academic pharmacological research. Perhaps most important will be the exploitation of combinatorial chemistry libraries, which are becoming widely available. Although we cannot comprehensively review this broad topic here, the goal of this brief commentary is to portray some of the strategies and potentials of combinatorial chemistry libraries as they relate to pharmacological studies.

  • REVIEW ON ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

    About Authors: Shoeib Afroz Mohammad,
    M.Pharm (Pharmacology),
    Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Kakatiya University

    Reference ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-1087

    BACKGROUND:
    By the 1930s, scientists had isolated and determined the structure of the steroid hormones and found that high doses of androgens, estrogens or progesterone inhibited ovulation. The first oral-contraceptive formulations marketed in the United States, in 1960 and1961, contained 2 to 5 times as much estrogen and 5 to 10 times as much progestin as the oral contraceptives now in use. Since introduced in May of 1960, these pills have provided reliable contracep¬tion for millions of woman throughout the world.They were given in a regimen consisting of 21 active tablets containing estrogen and progestin followed by 7 days of placebo tablets (21/7 regimen). The 7 days of placebo was designed for menses to occur during that time. The use of these high-dose formulations was linked to increased risks of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism in healthy young women. The estrogen and progestin were reduced rapidly during the 1960s and 1970s because of concern about safety and because the reduction of the doses did not reduce the contraceptive effectiveness.The reductions in the dose of estrogen are believed to have decreased the risk of venous thrombosis. The combination estrogen–progestin oral contraceptives that are now on the market contain estrogen at doses ranging from 20 to 50 μg of ethinyl estradiol or, uncommonly, mestranol. Currently there are over 70 different brands on the market. 1

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