Microbiology Articles

About Author:
E.Ashwini
Microbiologist  In  Institute Of Health Systems, Hyderabad
M.Sc Microbiology From Osmania University.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of some cultural conditions on the xylanase enzyme production by two Isolated Species from the industrial soiland to investigate its potential to produce xylanase utilizing tomato pomace as a substrate. Xylanase activity was detected using the Dinitrosalicylic acid assay method.
The Alkalophilic bacteria isolated from the industrial soil, secreats extra cellular xylanases when grown in liquid media supplemented with eithter rice bran, grass, corn cob, or sugar baggage as a carbon sources (which were treated with 2N NaoH for removing the cellulose from these substrates). The two bacteria belonging to the species Sporo lactobacilli and Acrobacter respectively shows the high enzyme activity at high temperatures 50 degree C and 60 degree C and high enzyme activity was found at pH 8 and pH 9 for two organisms. The extra cellular enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 66 KD & 67KD for both the organism respectively, as determined by SDS-PAGE. The purified enzyme has two peptides and was conformed by Zymogram analysis. The species sporo lactobacilli show high enzyme activity of 4.7 U/ml and the species Acrobacter shows the enzyme activity of 7.46 U/ml.

About Authors:
G.Amrutha
Microbiologist  in  Department  Of Microbiology
Institute Of Health Systems (HIS),  Hyderabad.
Osmania University

Abstract
Transplantation is the process of  removal of  damaged tissue or organ and replacing with new well functioning tissue or organ of same or different individual. The groundwork for the new science of transplantation immunology was laid by Medawar and other British biologists in the 1940s. They showed that rejection of tissue transferred from one person or animal to another was invariable, except for grafts between identical twins or a few special cases (e.g. cornea). In the 1950s they further showed that this tissue rejection was a response of the immune system. Other scientists who worked for transplantation are  Karl Landsteiner, Dr. Eduard Zirm, Dr. Alexis Carrel, Peter Gorer, Little and Tyzzer, George Snell, Dr. Joseph Murray etc..,Different types of organs like heart,skin,kidney,liver,cornea etc.., can be transplanted. Antigens which cause strong immune response and are most important in rejection of organs and tissues are called MHC antigens which play main role in transplantation. There are mainly 4 types of grafts. They are Autograft,Isograft,Allograft and Xenograft. The rejection may be acute and chronic and the mechanism of graft rejection is of mainly 2 types. They are sensitization stage and effector stage. Finally, the graft survival can be done by mitotic inhibitors, immune suppressive therapy etc..,

About Author: Debashish Satpathy
Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Berhampur
Odisha

Protease is any enzyme that conducts proteolysis by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain. They are also called proteolytic enzymes or proteinases.

Classification Proteases are currently classified into six groups:
Serine proteases
Threonine proteases
Cysteine proteases
Aspartic acid proteases
Metalloproteases
Glutamic acid proteases