Articles

About Author: *Ghadage Ratnadeep V., Shah Vishal V., Bapat Bhushan A., Shirote Pramod J.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Appasaheb Birnale College of Pharmacy,
South Shivaji Nagar, Sangli, Maharashtra, India - 416 416

Abstract:
Quinoxaline and its derivatives are an important class of benzoheterocycles displaying a broad spectrum of biological activities which have made them privileged structures in pharmacologically active compounds.Quinoxaline also called benzopyrazine it has been considered as a wonder nucleus which posses almost all types of biological activities. This diversity in the biological response profile has attracted the attention of many researchers to explore this skeleton to its multiple potential against several activities. They are clinically effective as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-tubercular and antineoplastic agents. Interestingly, it also shows anti-HIV and anti-proliferative activity. Modification in their structure has offered a high degree of diversity that has proven useful for the development of new therapeutic agents having improved potency and lesser toxicity. Considering the extensive research on quinoxaline in the past, it was essential to review the wide spectrum of biological activity of quinoxalines. To conclude, this review will be beneficial for new drug discovery of quinoxaline moiety. Present article is sincere attempt to review wide range of biological activities of quinoxline moiety  given by researcher.

About Author: Binit V. Patel1*, D. S. Patel2
1. Sri Satya Sai College of Pharmacy - Sehore
2. Shree Leuva Patel Trust Pharmacy Mahila College – Amreli

Metoprolol tartrate is a selective β1 adrenergic antagonist. It lacks interensic sympathomimetic activity and to have little or no membrane stabilizing activity and is widely used to treat essential hypertension. It completely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract but is subjected to considerable first pass metabolism and half life is 3 to 4 hr.

The objective for the designing mucoadhesive microspehere is to release the drug over extended period of time in order to avoid first pass metabolism for improving in bioavailability and improve patient compliance.

About Author: Amarjeet Singh¹, Dharmendra Kumar², Jatin Sharma², Dr. H. S. Lamba³
1. Subharamania Bharti College Of Science& Technology, Board of Technical Education, Delhi
Holambi Khurd, Delhi-82
2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University
NH-58 modipuram, Meerut, U.P India
3.H.R.Institute of Pharmacy, U.P. Technical University
Morta,Ghaziabad,U.P.India

Abstract
Flax (also known as common flax or linseed, binomial name: Linum usitatissimum) is a member of the genus Linum of the family Linaceae. Its origin is uncertain,but it is regarded as indigenous to India.It is cultivated extensively as a source of fibres in Egypt,Algeria,Spain,Italy and Greece while as a source of oil in Turkey, Afghanistan and India.In Russia, it is cultivated for both oil and fibre.Flax seeds come in two basic varieties: (1) brown; and (2) yellow or golden. Most types have similar nutritional characteristics and equal amounts of short-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Linseed  contains numerous beneficial components includingalpha-linolenic acid (ALA), cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin, linustatin, neolinustin), unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid), soluble flaxseed fiber mucilage (D-xylose, L-galactose, L-rhamnose, d-galacturonic acid), lignans (secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG)), monoglycerides, triglycerides, free sterols, sterol esters, hydrocarbons (protein), phenylpropane derivatives.

About Author: Mr. Patil Kuldip, Tekade B. W., Thakare V. M., Dr. Patil V. R.
T. V. E. S’s College of Pharmacy,
Faizpur (M.S.), India

Abstract
The purpose of this research was to prepare a floating drug delivery system of atenolol. In the present study, preparation of atenololfloating microspheres, evaluation of Floating Drug Delivery System (FDDS) in vitro, prediction of the release, and optimization of stirring speed and polymers ratio to match target release profile was investigated. Floating microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation (Oil-in-water emulsion) technique using hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), Ethyl cellulose (EC) and Eudrajit S100 as the rate controlling polymers. Particle size analysis, drug entrapment efficiency, surface topography, and release studies were performed. Results showed that the polymer ratio and stirring speed affected the size, incorporation efficiency and drug release of microspheres (> 12 h), and the best results were obtained at the ratio of EC (1:3). The mean particle size of prepared floating microspheres increased but the drug release rate from the microspheres decreased as the polymer concentration increased. The developed floating microspheres of atenolol may be used in clinic for prolonged drug release in stomach for at least 12 hrs, thereby improving the bioavailability and patient compliance.

About Author: C. Stalin^*, S. Kamalasivam, E. Hariharan,
Pallavan College of Pharmacy,
Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu.

Abstract:
Tabernaemontana divaricata a common garden plant in tropical countries has been used as a traditional medicine. However, no recent review articles of T. divaricata, particularly discussing its pharmacological properties, are available. In present study, the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of flowers and leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata linn were evaluated . Free radicals have been regarded as a fundamental cause of different kinds of diseases. They cause biochemical damage in cells and tissues, which result in several diseases such as arteriosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, liver disease, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, renal failure, aging, cancer, etc. Compounds that can scavenge free radicals are thus effective in ameliorating the progress of these related diseases. T.divaricata L. known locally as ‘Nandiyavattom’ belonging to the family, Apocynaceae a common plant in India, profoundly used in Ayurvedic medicine as  Anthelmintic, Anti-inflammatory, Anodyne, Diuretic property.¹ The objective of the present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant efficacy of ethanolic extract of leaves and flower of Tabernaemontana divaricata (TALE & TLFE). Invitro antioxidant activity such as Reducing power ability ,  NBT reduction assay, Deoxyribose degradation assay was performed and was concluded that the ethanolic extract of leaves and flowers of Tabernaemontana divaricata showed significant antioxidant activity.

About Authors:Dhaval Patel*^[1], Pratham Rathore^[1], Prerna Sharma^[1], Dr. Pankaj Shah^[2]
1 Department of Pharmacy Practice,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Jaipur National University,
Jaipur -302025, (Rajasthan), India
2 Institute of kidney disease and research center,
civil hospital, Ahmedabad, (Gujarat), India

Abstract
Inpresent study, comorbidities and laboratory abnormalities of lamivudine was analysed in hepatitis b patients. Clinical data were collected from hepatitis b patients that presented with laboratory abnormalities to lamivudine. We examined 100 patients of hepatitis b who treated with lamivudine in i.k.d.r.c, civil hospital, Ahmedabad from January 2009 to February 2011. The main laboratory abnormalities were elevation of creatine kinase, elevation of AST, elevation of serum lipase. Hypertension was the major comorbidities with the hepatitis b. The laboratory abnormalities were related to lamivudine, but the biological mechanism of the reaction is not clear.

About Authors:
Sukanto Paul, Krishan R Bhadu
Department of Quality Assurance, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Jaipur National University,
Jagatpura, Jaipur-302025,
Rajasthan, India.

ABSTRACT
A validated reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Tirofiban hydrochloride in pure and marketed formulation. Chromatography was carried out on a BDS Hypersil C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) using Buffer: Acetonitrile in the ratio of 80:20 (v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and eluents were monitored at 274 nm using UV detector at ambient temperature.  The average retention time of Tirofiban was found to be 9.124 min. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, robustness and solution stability. The calibration curve was linear (R²≥0.9999) over the range of 12.5-75 μg/mL.Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.11 μg/mL and 0.33 μg/mL respectively. This method can be successfully employed for the quantitative analysis of Tirofiban hydrochloride in bulk drugs and formulations.

About Authors:
Garg Pushpendra, Nanda Arun
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001
Haryana, India.

ABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to improve the dissolution rate of gliclazide, a poorly water soluble (BCS class-II) drug by solid dispersion technique using a water soluble carrier, poloxamer 407. The solid dispersions were prepared by fusion method using different concentrations of carrier and the prepared systems showed an enhancement in dissolution. Solid dispersions were characterized with Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and dissolution analysis. The study revealed that enhanced dissolution of gliclazide from solid dispersion was due to a decrease in crystallinity of drug and also due to dissolution of gliclazide in molten form of solid dispersion. In conclusion preparation of gliclazide dispersion with meltable hydrophilic polymer could be a promising approach to improve the dissolution rate.

About Author: G. Anand Rao*, V. Venu, R. Senthil Selvi, P. Perumal,
Department of Pharmaceutics,
J. K. K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy,
Komarapalayam - 638 183, Namakkal (D.T),
Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract
The main objective of the present work was to develop sustained release matrix tablets of Lornoxicam using Hydrophilic polymers viz. Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M, HPMC K10M, HPMC K15M) was developed using wet granulation technique at varying ratios of drug and polymer like 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 were selected for the study. Micro crystalline cellulose and Lactose was added in this formulation as a function of binder and diluent. Prior to compression, the prepared granules were evaluated for flow and compression characteristics. After evaluation of physical properties of tablet, the in vitro release study was performed in 0.1 N Hcl, pH 1.2 for 2 hrs and in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 up to 12 hrs. The effect of polymer concentration and polymer blend concentration were studied. Dissolution data was analyzed by Korsmeyer- Peppas law expression. It was observed that matrix tablets contained polymer HPMC K10M was successfully sustained the release of drug up to 12 hrs. Among all the formulations, formulation F9 which contains 1:3 ratios of drug and polymer release the drug which follows Zero order kinetics via, swelling, diffusion and erosion. Stability studies (40±2oc/75±5%RH) for three months indicated that Lornoxicam was stable in the matrix tablets. The FTIR study revealed that there was no chemical interaction between drug and excipients.