Skip to main content

A SHORT REVIEW ON POTENTIAL ACTIVITIES OF BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES

 

Clinical courses

{ DOWNLOAD AS PDF }

ABOUT AUTHOR:
Balram Soni*
Psychiatric Centre, S.M.S. Medical College,
Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
brpharma@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT
Benzimidazole derivatives have shown hopeful activity in the treatment of several diseases, for this reason, the synthesis of novel benzimidazole remains a main focus for researchers. This review article summarizes the chemistry of different derivatives of benzimidazole along with their biological activities. The review article also covers the most active benzimidazole derivatives that have shown considerable pharmacological actions.

REFERENCE ID: PHARMATUTOR-ART-2227

PharmaTutor (ISSN: 2347 - 7881)

Volume 2, Issue 8

Received On: 04/06/2014; Accepted On: 17/06/2014; Published On: 01/08/2014

How to cite this article: B Soni; A Short Review on Potential Activities of Benzimidazole Derivatives; PharmaTutor; 2014; 2(8); 110-118

INTRODUCTION
Benzimidazoleis a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It is an important pharmacophore and a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. Nowadays is a moiety of choice which possesses many pharmacological properties. The most prominent benzimidazole compound in nature is N-ribosyl-dimethylbenzimidazole, which serves as an axial ligand for cobalt in vitamin B12.[1]

The use of benzimidazole dates many years back for study of structural modifications and their pharmacological actions. Various benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized with the substitution of fluorine, propylene, tetrahydroquinoline which resulted in compounds with increased stability, bioavailability and significant biological activity.[2-3] In light of the affinity they display towards a variety of enzymes and protein receptors, medicinal chemists would certainly classify them as privileged ‘sub-structures’ for drug designing. The incorporation of the nucleus is an important synthetic strategy in studies of drug discovery. In the past few decades, benzimidazole and its derivatives have received much attention due to their chemotherapeutic values.[4]

Benzimidazole derivatives play very efficient role in the medical field with plenty of useful therapeutic activities like anti-inflammatory[5], antimicrobial[6], Diuretic[7], antiviral[8], anticancer[9], Antiprotozoal[10], Antiulcer[11], anti-oxidant[12], Anti-Asthmatic[13], Anti-Diabetic[14], Cysticidal[15], Analgesic[16], antihypertensive[17], anthelmintics[18], anti-HIV[19], anti-convulsant[20], and spasmolytic[21] activity. Benzimidazole and its derivatives have been showing hopeful activity in the treatment of several diseases, for these reasons, they achieved much attention as important pharmacophore and privileged structure in medicinal chemistry.

In order to obtain more effective chemotherapeutic agents, a variety of reports have been presented on the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel benzimidazole derivatives. The literature survey revealed the importance of the substitutions at 1, 2 and 5 positions of the benzimidazole ring for their pharmacological activities.

This review summarizes to know about the different derivatives of benzimidazole with their pharmacological activities. The synthesis of novel benzimidazole derivatives remains a main focus of medicinal research.

Compounds Having Benzimidazole Nucleus
* As Oral Anticoagulants

Dabigatran is an oral anticoagulant drug that acts as a direct thrombin (factor IIa) inhibitor. It can be used for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. The drug was developed as an alternative to warfarin, since it does not require maintenance of international normalized ratio or monitoring by frequent blood tests, while offering similar efficacy in preventing ischemic events. Dabigatran can also be used to prevent the formation of blood clots in the veins (deep venous thrombosis) in adults who have had an operation to replace a hip or knee.[22]

Dabigatran

* As Oral Antidiabetic
Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used only in the treatment of type 2 diabetes which is a disorder involving resistance to secreted insulin. The oral antidiabetic containing benzimidazole includes Rivoglitazone.[23]

Rivoglitazone

* As Oral Antiviral
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections such as influenza, herpes virus, viral hepatitis, human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) etc. The  oral antiviral drug containing benzimidazole includes Maribavir which isused for the prevention and treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) disease in hematopoietic stem cell/bone marrow transplant patients. The oral antiviralcontaining benzimidazole includes Maribavir.[24]

Maribavir

* Drugs in HSDD
HSDD (hypoactive sexual desire disorder) is the most commonly reported female sexual complaint and characterized by a decrease in sexual desire that causes marked personal distress and/or personal difficulties. The benzimidazole drug used in HSDD is Flibanserin which is a 5-HT1A receptor agonist and 5-HT2A receptor antagonist used as a non-hormonal treatment for pre-menopausal women with HSDD that had initially been investigated as an antidepressant. The drug containing benzimidazole used in HSDD includes Flibanserin.[25-26]

Flibanserin

* As Anti-hypertensive
Antihypertensive are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. The anti-hypertensive containing benzimidazole is Candesartan and Telmisartan.

Candesartan is an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. Candesartan is also available in a combination formulation with a low dose thiazide diuretic, invariably hydrochlorothiazide, to achieve an additive antihypertensive effect. Candesartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination preparations are marketed under various trade names.[27]

Candesartan

Telmisartanis an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist used in the management of hypertension.

Telmisartan

NOW YOU CAN ALSO PUBLISH YOUR ARTICLE ONLINE.

SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE/PROJECT AT articles@pharmatutor.org

Subscribe to Pharmatutor Alerts by Email

FIND OUT MORE ARTICLES AT OUR DATABASE

* As Anthelmintics
These are the drugs used for the treatment of a variety of parasitic worm infestations. The drugs containing benzimidazole are albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole which are broad spectrum anthelmintics, effective against nematode infestations, including round worms, tapeworms, whipworm, hookworm and flukes of domestic animals and humans.[28-29]

* As Fungicidal
Examples of benzimidazole class fungicides include benomyl, carbendazim, chlorfenazole, cypendazole, debacarb, fuberidazole, furophanate, mecarbinzid, rabenzazole, thiabendazole, thiophanate.

Carbendazim is a systemic fungicide with protective and curative action. It is absorbed through the roots and green tissues. It acts by inhibiting beta-tubulin synthesis, inhibiting development of germ tubes and the growth of mycelia. It is compatible with most of the insecticides. It is used for the control of blast, sheath blight, brown spot, powdery mildew, scab, anthracnose & leaf spot diseases in various crops.[30]

Carbendazim

* Drugs in GIT
Domperidoneis the example of drug containing benzimidazole, is a peripheral, specific dopamine receptor blocker. Domperidone is given in order to relieve nausea and vomiting; to increase the transit of food through the stomach(as a prokinetic agent through increase in gastrointestinal peristalsis); and useful in gastroparesis to increase lactation (breast milk production) by release of prolactin. It is also used in the scientific study of the way dopamine (an important neurotransmitter) acts in the body. [31]

Domperidone

* Drugs in Allergic conjunctivitis

The drugs containing benzimidazole areEmedastine, Mizolastine, Clemizole, and Astemizole.[32]

Emedastineis a second generation antihistamine used in eye drops to treat allergic conjunctivitis. It acts as a H1 receptor antagonist. It works by blocking certain natural substances, histamines that cause allergic symptoms.

Emedastine

Mizolastine is a once daily, non-sedating antihistamine. It blocks H1 receptors and is commonly fast-acting. It does not prevent the actual release of histamine from mast cells, just prevents it binding to receptors.

Mizolastine

Clemizole: Clemizole is an H1-antihistamine, i.e. a drug that is used to treat allergic reactions.

Clemizole

Astemizole: Astemizole is a long-acting, highly selective H1-antihistamine with minimal central and anticholinergic effects. Astemizole is used in the treatment of Conjunctivitis, Allergic Rhinitis, and Urticaria.

Astemizole

* As Antipsychotic
In psychosis, thinking of patient becomes illogical, bizarre and loosely organized. Patient has difficulty in understanding reality and their own conditions. These drugs are used in schizophrenia and chronic psychosis. Some drugs containing benzimidazole nucleus are droperidol, pimozide, and benperidol.[33-35]

Pimozide

Droperidol: is an antidopaminergic drug used as an antiemetic and antipsychotic. Droperidol is also often used for neuroleptanalgesic anesthesia and sedation in intensive-care treatment.

Droperidol

Benperidol: It is an antipsychotic, which can be used for the treatment of schizophrenia,but it is primarily used to control antisocial hypersexual behaviour, and is sometimes prescribed to sex offendersas a condition of their parole, as an alternative to anti-androgen drugs such as cyproterone.

Benperidol

* As Analgesic
Bezitramide:
Itis a narcotic analgesic. Bezitramide itself is a prodrug which is readily hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to its main metabolite, despropionyl-bezitramide.

Bezitramide

 

* As Antimicrobial
Ciprofloxacin:
Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic that belongs to the family of medications known as quinolones. It is used to treat infections caused by certain bacteria. It is most commonly used to treat infections of the skin, sinuses, bone, lung, ear, abdomen, kidney, prostate, and bladder.

Ciprofloxacin

* As Anti-diarrheal
Rifaximin:
Itis a semisynthetic antibiotic based on rifamycin. It is used in the treatment of traveler's diarrhea and hepatic encephalopathy.[36]

Rifaximin

* As Anti-neoplastic
Nocodazole:
It is an anti-neoplastic agent which exerts its effect in cells by interfering with the polymerization of microtubules.

Nocodazole

NOW YOU CAN ALSO PUBLISH YOUR ARTICLE ONLINE.

SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE/PROJECT AT articles@pharmatutor.org

Subscribe to Pharmatutor Alerts by Email

FIND OUT MORE ARTICLES AT OUR DATABASE

* As Antiulcer drug
These are the drugs used as a short-term treatment in healing and symptomatic relief of duodenal ulcers and erosive or ulcerative gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); Gastric ulcer (GU), Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome), Helicobacter pylori eradication to reduce risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence. Some drugs containing benzimidazole nucleus are Rabeprazole, Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, Pantoprazole, etc. These drugs belong to class of proton pump inhibitor.[37-39]

Rabeprazole

Omeprazole: Itis a proton pump inhibitor used in the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.

Omeprazole

* As Calcium Sensitizer
Pimobendan
: It is a calcium sensitizer with positive inotropic and vasodilator effects. It is also a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase III (PDE3). Pimobendan is used in the management of heart failure in dogs, most commonly caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease (also known as endocardiosis), or dilated cardiomyopathy.[40]

Pimobendan

CONCLUSION
Benzimidazoles find several applications in different areas of chemistry. The position and type of substituents on the benzimidazole ring are responsible for a variety of biological activity. It will be interesting to observe that these modifications can be utilized as potent therapeutic agents in future. This comprehensive overview summarizes the chemistry of different derivatives of substituted benzimidazole along with their biological activity.

REFERENCES
[1]. Barker HA, Smyth RD, Weissbach H, Toohey JI, Ladd JN, Volcani BE: Isolation and properties of crystalline cobamide coenzymes containing benzimidazole or 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1960, 23(2):480–488.
[2]. Kubo K: Synthesis of 2- 4- fluoroalkoxy-2-pyridyl methyl sulfinyl-1H-benzimidazoles as antiulcer agents. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1990, 38(10):2853-2858.
[3]. Uchida M: Synthesis and antiulcer activity of 4- substituted 8-[2-benzimidazolyl sulfinyl methyl]-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinolines and related compounds. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1990, 38(6):1575-586.
[4]. Singh G, Kaur M, Chander M: Benzimidazoles: The latest information on biological activities. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 2013, 4(1):82-87.
[5]. Kohno T, Ohtaka H, Tsukamoto G, Yoshino K: Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of some 2-(substituted-pyridinyl) benzimidazoles. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1980, 23:734-738.
[6]. Durmaz R, Gunal S, Kucukbay H: Synthesis, antibacterial and antifungal activities of electron-rich olefins derived benzimidazole compounds. Science Direct: II Farmaco 2003, 58:431-437.
[7]. Pashinski VG, Romanova TV, Mukhina NA, Shkrabova LV:  Diuretic activity of benzimidazole urea derivatives. Farmakol Toksikol 1978, 41(2):196-9.
[8]. Devivar RV, kawashima: Benzimidazole ribonucleosides: design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of certain 2-(alkylthio)-and 2-(benzylthio)-5,6-dichlro-1-(d-ribofuranosyl) benzimidazoles. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1994, 37(18):2942-2949.
[9]. Gellis A, Kovacic H, Boufatah N, Vanelle P: Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of some benzimidazole-4, 7-diones as bioreductive anticancer agents. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2008, 43(9):1858-1864.
[10]. Vezquez GN, Vilchis MD, Mulia LY, Melendez V, Gerena L:  Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of some 2-trifluoromethyl-1H benzimidazole bioisosteres. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2006, 41(1):135-141.
[11]. Bariwal JB, Shah AK, Kathiravan MK, Somani RS, Jagtap JR: Synthesis and antiulcer activity of novel pyrimidylthiomethyl and Pyrimidylsulfinylmethyl benzimidazoles as potential reversible proton pump inhibitors. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 2008, 42(3):225-231.
[12]. Alagoz ZA, Kus C, Coban T: Synthesis and antioxidant properties of novel benzimidazoles containing substituted indoles. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 2004, 20(4): 325-331.
[13]. Richard ML, Lio SC, Sinha A, Tieu KK, Sircar JC:  Novel 2-(substituted phenyl) benzimidazole derivatives with potent activity against IgE, cytokines, and CD23 for the treatment of allergy and asthma. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2004, 47(26):6451-6454.
[14]. Bhise UN, Kumar SBV, Ramanatham V, Vaidya SD: Synthesis, antibacterial, anti-asthmatic and antidiabetic activities of novel N-substituted benzimidazoles. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2008, 43(5):986-995.
[15]. Alonso FP, Cook HJ: Synthesis and in vitro cysticidal activity of new benzimidazole derivatives. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2009, 44(4):1794-1800.
[16]. Sondhi SM, Rajvanshi S, Johar M, Bharti N, Azam A: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antiamoebic activity evaluation of pyrimido [1,6-a]benzimidazole derivatives synthesized by the reaction of ketoisothiocyanates with mono and diamines. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2002, 37(10):835-843.
[17]. Jat RK, Jat JL, Pathak DP: Synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives as anti-hypertensive agents. E-Journal of Chemistry 2006, 3(4):278-285.
[18]. Solominova PS, Pilyugin VS, Pyurin AA: Targated search for new anthelmentic among 5 (6-Aminophenylthio (oxy)-2-amino benzimidazole derivatives. Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry 2004, 38:425-430.
[19]. Gardiner JM, Loyns CR, Burke A, Khan A: Synthesis and HIV -1 inhibition of novel benzimidazole derivatives. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 1995, 5(12):1251-1254.
[20]. Chimrri A, Sarro AD, Sarro GD, Giho G, Zappala M: Synthesis and anticonvulsant properties of 2, 3, 3a-4-tetrahydro-1-H pyrrolo (1,2-a) benzimidazol-1-one derivatives. Science Direct: II Farmaco 2001, 56(11):821-826.
[21]. Francisco AC, Gabriel NV, Hermenegilda MD: Design, microwave-assisted synthesis and spasmolytic activity of 2-(alkyloxyaryl)-1H-benzimidazole derivatives as constrained stilbene bioisosteres. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2006, 16(16):4169-4173.
[22]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabigatran
[23]. Schimke K, Davis TM: Drug evaluation-rivoglitazone, a new oral therapy for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 2007, 8(4):338–44.
[24]. Francisco MM: Maribavir prophylaxis for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in recipients of allogeneic stem-cell transplants. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2011, 11(4):284-292.
[25]. Borsini F, Evans K, Jason K, Rohde F, Alexander B: Pharmacology of flibanserin. CNS Drug Reviews 2002, 8(2):117–142.
[26]. Allers K, Dremencov E, Ceci A: Acute and repeated flibanserin administration in female rats modulates monoamines differentially across brain areas: a microdialysis study. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2010, 7(5):1757–67.
[27]. Julius S, Nesbitt SD, Egan BM: Feasibility of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker. New England Journal of Medicine 2006, 354(16):1685–97.
[28]. drugs.com/cdi/albendazole.html
[29]. Theodorides VJ, Gyurik RJ, Kingsbury WD, Parish RC: Anthelmintic activity of albendazole against liver flukes, tapeworms, lung and gastrointestinal roundworms. Experientia Journal 1976, 32(8):702–703.
[30]. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbendazim
[31]. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone
[32]. Bielory L, Lien K, Bigelsen W: Efficacy and tolerability of newer antihistamines in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Drugs 2005, 65(2):215–228.
[33]. webmd.com/schizophrenia/ antipsychotics-for-treating-schizophrenia
[34]. Vloten WA: Pimozide: use in dermatology. Dermatology Online Journal 2003, 9(2):3.
[35]. Bobon J, Collard J, Lecoq R: Benperidol and promazine: a "double blind" comparative study in mental geriatrics. Acta Neurologica Belgica 1963, 63:839-843.
[36]. DuPont H: Therapy for and Prevention of Traveler's Diarrhea. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007, 45(1):78–84.
[37]. Pali-Schöll I, Jensen-Jarolim E: Anti-acid medication as a risk factor for food allergy. Allergy 2011, 66(4):469–77.
[38]. Morii M, Takata H, Fujisaki H, Takeguchi N: The potency of substituted benzimidazoles such as E3810, omeprazole, Ro 18-5364 to inhibit gastric H+, K(+)-ATPase is correlated with the rate of acid-activation of the inhibitor. Biochemical Pharmacology 1990, 39(4):661-667.
[39]. Prakash A, Faulds D: Rabeprazole. Drugs 1998, 55(2):261-267.
[40]. Gordon SG, Miller MW, Saunders AB: Pimobendan in heart failure therapy-a silver bullet. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 2006, 42(2):90-93.

NOW YOU CAN ALSO PUBLISH YOUR ARTICLE ONLINE.

SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE/PROJECT AT articles@pharmatutor.org

Subscribe to Pharmatutor Alerts by Email

FIND OUT MORE ARTICLES AT OUR DATABASE